Obesity in China

Obesity in China? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A McDonald's Chinese New Year meal. American fast-food outlets have been blamed for the increase in obesity in China. [1] Obesity in China is a major health concern according to the WHO, with overall rates of obesity below 5% in the country, but greater than 20% in some cities. [2] This is a dramatic change from times when China experienced famine as a result from ineffective agriculturalization plans such as the Great Leap Forward. 3] Currently, obesity in China is mostly confined to the cities where fast food culture and globalization have taken over, in comparison to poorer rural areas. Despite this concentration of obesity, the sheer size of China's population means that over one fifth of all one billion obese people in the world come from China. [4] Contents   [hide]   * 1 Issues * 2 Response and prospects * 3 Action and Policy * 4 See also * 5 References * 6 Further reading * 7 External link s| [edit] IssuesStatistics from the Chinese Health Ministry have revealed that urban Chinese boys age 6 are 2. 5  inches taller and 6. 6 pounds heavier on average than Chinese city boys 30 years ago. A leading child-health researcher, Ji Chengye, has stated that, â€Å"China has entered the era of obesity. The speed of growth is shocking. â€Å"[1] Economic expansion and the increase in living standards as a result has seen food intake increase on average in the cities and the growth of automation and transport has seen less physical labor.Rapid motorization has drastically reduced levels of cycling and walking in China. A 2002 report has revealed a direct correspondence between ownership of motorized transport by households in China and increasing obesity related problems in children and adults. [5] The introduction of processed foods through globalisation in China and the problem of obesity is a recent phenomenon, as only 45 years ago the country faced starvation during the le adership of Mao Zedong. [1] However while malnutrition has been mostly ended in cities today, millions of rural poor, especially in rural estern China are still a far cry from the problem facing the cities. [1] The problem is affecting the young generations although some sources indicate the problem is worse with those between 35 and 59 where more than half are now overweight in cities, a figure similar to that in industrialised countries. [6] However, they state that the younger generations are increasingly at risk. Today, 8% of 10- to 12-year-olds in China's cities are considered obese and an additional 15% are overweight, according to Chinese Ministry of Education. 1] Similarly, A 2006 study conducted by University of Southern California found that the average body fat of Hong Kong Children was 21 percent, an alarmingly high number. [7] [edit] Response and prospects A KFC outlet in Hohhot, China According to Wang Longde, the Chinese vice health minister, the problem is that the p opulation does not have enough awareness and lacks knowledge of nutrition and what constitutes a reasonable diet. [8] The government is attempting to reduce the problem with building more playgrounds and passing a law with requires students to exercise or play sports for an hour a day at school. 1] Chen Chunming, an expert at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has warned against the rapid growth of American fast-food outlets in China saying, â€Å"Don't take children to eat fast food like McDonald's and KFC. â€Å"[1] De-emphasis on sports also plays an important part in the rise of obesity in China. Many Chinese people look at the way they advance in life is getting a better education so they can get a better job. The heavy emphasis on schoolwork and the pressure to do so much into that direction keeps children away from play and from physical activity. 7] Fat farms, where children try to sweat off their excess weight have grown since the 1990s. In 2000, 100 mi llion people were reported to suffer from high blood pressure and 26 million with diabetes. These figures were expected to double within a decade, with doctors warning that obesity could become China's biggest health threat for future generations. [6][9] [edit] Action and Policy Due to the current cultural views on obesity there is a significant need for anti-obesity education.Obesity is often associated with prosperity, thus there is a need for a widespread attitude shift to decrease the current rising rates. Perhaps resulting from the famines of generations past, food, specifically high-fat foods, are now seen as a luxurious item. With growing incomes in Chinese society, families are not able to afford these unhealthy but highly desired foods resulting in increasing rates of consumption of high-fat diets. [10] As a major contributor to the spread of obesity, these high-fat diets are creating a major public health problem across the country.There are currently a few initiatives in place that could help combat this problem, but because of its magnitude, it is likely that more improvements are needed. The Chinese Nutrition Society[1] is providing nutrition education by creating dietary guidelines to help consumers make more healthy lifestyle choices. These guidelines become useful in assisting the population in adopting healthy eating habits which can be an important preventative measure against obesity. Additionally, the Chinese government is currently mandating programs in schools to deal with the growing problem of obesity in the younger generations. Eat Smart at School† is a campaign that was launched during the 2006-2007 school year, which aims to cultivate healthy eating practices to promote lifestyle changes in the educational setting. This program is also an important key in teaching healthy lifestyle strategies that can promote long-term changes in these children’s lives. [2] Localizing community based interventions could help address the large, diverse population in China. China is currently trying to utilize community based interventions through The National Plan of Action for Nutrition in China[3].This demonstrates an extensive framework organizing food-based policies relating to the country’s nutrition and health issues. Some of the policies work towards promoting healthy diets and lifestyles while also providing incentives to food growers. Implementing nationwide social programs on public nutrition through mass media, public campaigns and community based promotions are potentially effective mediums towards combating obesity in China. China’s centralized government has a unique ability to make rapid policy changes where they can enforce public nutrition policy and regulate food supply.The rapid growing market of fast food chains is a huge contributor to the increase in obesity rates in China. Potentially, a price policy could be a strategic model for raising the price on â€Å"unhealthy† food s in an attempt to shift food consumption patterns to accomplish health objectives and reduce the consumption of high fat foods. Through price policy, China can focus on controlling the external influence of international products on traditional Chinese dietary patterns and help manage the obesity trends and patterns due to the increase of Westernized foods and fast food chainsObesity in China: Waistlines are Expanding Twice as Fast as GDP : China is experiencing a record high obesity rate, which means millions are becoming obese each year. , â€Å" † by Sky Patterson Date Published: 04/08/2011 Photo by ernop. Used under Creative Commons. In the U. S, we’re used to hearing about our massive weight crisis – with more than 74 percent of adults age 15 and older classified as overweight, the American culture and media landscape have become fixated on finding new diets, procedures, and lifestyle changes to address the dilemma.But what is rapidly becoming apparent is that we are not the only country coping with our expanding waistlines. In China, the prevalence of being overweight is actually dramatically outpacing the growth of its GDP. According to the World Bank, China’s US $4. 99 trillion GDP in 2009 was a remarkable 181 percent increase from its 2005 GDP (US $2. 75 trillion). The number of obese people in China is growing even faster. There are nearly 100 million obese people in China today, more than five times the number in 2005, when 18 million were obese. The definition of being overweight is having a body mass index of 25 or greater.According to the World Health Organization’s Global Info Database, for those ages 15 and older, 45 percent of males in China and 32 percent of females were overweight, or an average of 38. 5 percent of the 2010 population. This is a sharp increase from the 2002 statistic of 25 percent. With an overweight percentage of 38 percent and rising, mainland China is home to a staggering 380 million-p lus people with weight problems. And studies show that the problem is becoming increasingly prevalent among youth, and may largely define urban China’s near-term future.Robert Girandola, a professor of kinesiology at the University of Southern California, conducted a 2006 study, titled â€Å"Prevalence of Obesity and Body Composition in Hong Kong Children,† researching the body fat percentage of 3,000 nine-year-olds. He found that the average body fat of these children was 21 percent, an alarmingly high number. â€Å"These are pre-pubertal [children], and pre-pubertal you should not see numbers like that,† says Girandola. He also added that the problem will only grow worse as these children start to develop symptoms of the chronic diseases associated with obesity, including diabetes and high blood pressure.In addition to diabetes and high blood pressure, other serious health implications related to obesity include a higher risk of cancer, heart disease and diabe tes. The latter disease is rapidly becoming more prominent in China. A March 2010 New England Journal of Medicine study estimated that 9. 7 percent of the country’s population has diabetes, a figure that is close to that of the U. S. at 11 percent; another American Diabetes Association study found similar rates in both countries. Also notable is that of these diabetes cases in China, 60. 7 percent went undiagnosed.The majority of these cases are Type II late onset diabetes, which is directly correlated with being overweight; obesity has been found to contribute to approximately 55 percent of Type II diabetes cases. Source: American Diabetes Association, The Associated Press Paul French, co-author of the recent book Fat China, which chronicles the growing problem of obesity in China, claims that the actual diabetes rate may be as high as 16 percent, with 150 million additional people categorized as pre-diabetic, putting them at a high risk for developing Type II diabetes. Ther e are people in China who say with acupuncture and traditional medicine you can cure diabetes, but there is no proof of that either,† says French. â€Å"Diabetes is something that once you’ve got it, you’ve got it and you have to manage it the rest of your life. † According to a 1992 China National Nutrition Survey, the percentage of men and women classified as overweight, or with a BMI greater than 24, was 17. 4 percent. The government agenda at that time was to gauge the prevalence of underweight individuals, but what they found at the other end of the spectrum ended up being a surprising trend that has continued ever since.The same survey conducted 10 years later in 2002 showed that 29 percent of individuals were overweight, a 66. 7 percent increase. | | What is causing the Chinese population to grow overweight at such an alarming rate? Contrary to the U. S. where obesity is concentrated more heavily among poorer people, China’s obesity problem i s largely defined by what French terms a â€Å"wealth-deficit† problem. Specifically, the richer you get, the fatter you are. In rural China, the prevalence of being overweight and having diabetes is naturally lower. However, in the cities, a larger number of people own cars and televisions.Not only are these luxuries symbols of wealth, but they also greatly decrease physical activity, resulting in higher rates of obesity and diabetes in urban areas. Athena Foong, an epidemiology researcher at the University of Southern California’s Institute for Global Health explains, â€Å"It’s a very communal thing in Asia, if you see someone having that, you want to have that too; so if they’re telling you that, we just enjoyed a super duper meal at McDonald’s and that becomes a fanciful thing to do, you want to do it too. † But what about physical activity and sports in China?Peaking during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China has been making large strides on the international sports front. However, among the general population, this is not necessarily the case. As French says, â€Å"With the Olympics in China, rather than encouraging more people to take part in sport, it basically sent out the message that sport was an elite activity, and if you play sports, you better win gold medals; the idea of just a bunch of kids running around playing games was considered a waste of time. † Foong also adds that this de-emphasis on sports and physical activity starts from childhood, and carries on to later life. The only way people look at the way you advance in life is getting a better education so you can get a better job, and sports is not considered a job. † Parents may dote on their only children, but they also hold them to high academic standards in order to achieve a better life. â€Å"It’s not that they want to force their kids into going to school, and then doing these extra school classes, and on the weekends havi ng a tutor,† explains Foong. â€Å"It’s just the pressure to do so much into that direction and away from play, from physical activity, from all that. This emphasis on schoolwork at the expense of play and organized sports parallels the rise in obesity in China. Foong adds that it is not merely as simple as telling parents, â€Å"You guys can just stop worrying too much about getting good grades because that’s the path that everyone’s already on; that train has already left the station. † Two or three generations ago, China suffered a nutrition challenge. Many people suffered malnutrition, went hungry and were underweight. Fast-forward to the present and conditions are swiftly becoming the opposite.In China’s larger cities, where roads were once exclusively filled with bikes, cars pack the streets 24 hours a day. And in addition to having more cars, city streets are also now lined with fast food restaurants, the ubiquity of which is one caus e of obesity in China. It is easy to find a local McDonald’s, Pizza Hut or Starbucks ready to serve up fast food to the masses. In fact, Yum Brands, the parent company of fast food leaders such as McDonald’s, Pizza Hut and KFC, opened more than 500 restaurants in China in 2009, and expects to one day have more than 20,000 restaurants there.Source: National statistical offices, Euromonitor International Alongside China’s meteoric economic rise and fast food market growth in the last two decades, the lifestyle of the Chinese people has changed dramatically. For example, aside from a greater array of food options, the Chinese are indulging their children because state policy has shrunk family sizes while economic progress has given urban families higher disposable incomes. Families and their children have become less active. These various changes have led to an equally fast climb in modern health problems.Obesity is a plague facing the developed world that leads to other complications such as diabetes and hypertension, which place an enormous pressure on the healthcare system. And in China, much like the rest of the world, the problem is only growing. What are ordinary Chinese doing to solve the problem of growing waistlines? Put simply, not much. Or at least not much that seems to be working. Says French, â€Å"The three things that people are doing at the moment, none of these things are particularly sensible. Those three main things are unreasonable fat camps, which provide limited results for children using contrived and sometimes dangerous methods, unregulated and ineffective slimming pills that eliminate mainly body water, and cosmetic surgery – which treats the symptoms but not the problem. Solving the problem is not merely a matter of execution and practicality, but also a cultural and social one as well. One change that must take place is that people need to find ways to eat more healthily, especially since it is difficult to exercise enough to work off certain foods.However, this is a lot easier said than done when the Chinese affinity for Western fast food brands is increasing, and on the flip side, Western companies are increasingly eager to tap into the Chinese market. Taking on a more active lifestyle is another important measure to help mitigate the problem. â€Å"The solution is very simple,† says Girandola. â€Å"People have to be more active. Is that going to happen? I doubt it. People are not going to go back to bicycles again, not when they basically have a car. † So what can one expect from China in the near future?There are many possible solutions, but when the public cares more about eating tasty and convenient food, climbing the socioeconomic ladder and relishing newfound wealth, nothing will come easily. Fast food is also not going to disappear. One example of this is a new trend that has emerged in Hong Kong, dubbed â€Å"McWeddings,† wherein local McDonald’s restaurants provide wedding reception services to young couples. Over the long term, in is also necessary to make school curriculum changes in schools to promote healthy habits. The key largely lies in children, who may be more able to pick up and maintain healthy habits than adults. Once you get overweight, it’s very hard to suddenly turn it around,† explains Girandola. â€Å"That’s why you got to solve it beforehand; people have to be proactive rather than reactive. †Ã‚   As China rapidly modernizes, it will inevitably encounter the problems that first-world countries face. Unfortunately, the arduous path to relieving China’s overweight problem and ensuing health issues will not be nearly as smooth as the road that got it there. Sky Patterson is a senior at the University of Southern California majoring in East Asian Languages and C

Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created

Kolb theorized that â€Å" Learning is the procedure whereby cognition is created through the transmutation of experience † ( 1984 ; 38 ) . Feedback and experience have played an of import function in furthering acquisition, altering patterns and theories every bit good as altering thoughts severally. Different theories of larning have been put frontward, and among them are the grownup larning theories. This paper will concentrate on one of the theory named Experiential Learning in add-on to discourse the Kolb and Jarvis Experiential Learning Theory, their restrictions or defects every bit good as to review the strengths and failings of the theory. There are two types of experiential larning viz. the one based on life experience, and that which is based in establishment engagement in development of cognition, accomplishments, thoughts and experience in their application. Furthermore, as motive is really indispensable to the acquisition procedure, hence this paper will besides concentrate on the motive to adult acquisition and the barriers to it, in add-on to the forms of larning adopted by grownup scholars.The Characteristics of Adult LearnersAdult scholars need more engagement during the acquisition procedure because they are autonomous while some of the grownup scholars have gone through diverse experiences and have a wealth of cognition, so they need more chances for duologue among pupils to pull out their cognition and experience. Hence, Experiential Learning is of the importance to understanding grownup acquisition because of the features of grownup scholars. The importance of the Kolb David ‘s work and that of his associate Roger Fry, have played a important function in the constitution of the footing to such statements. Of involvement to Kolb were the procedures of doing sense of concrete experiences, which besides involves use of different manners. However, the plants of Piaget, Dewey and Lewin played an of import function in the preparatio n of Kolb ‘s thoughts. There have been two major elements of experiential acquisition that have been widely discussed. These include the construct that larning occurs through direct engagement of life events ( Houle, 1980 ; 221 ) and the 2nd construct that type of larning experience sponsored by establishments and involves a opportunity to a scholar to â€Å" get and use cognition, accomplishments and feelings in an immediate and relevant environment † ( Smith, 2001 ) . Learners in the first case of larning are non sponsored by any establishment but themselves. For illustration, grounds of application of experiential acquisition has focused on the application of developing plans in societal work and instruction. Persons are able to get cognition after traveling through peculiar events in life, and so reflecting on these experiences. Most of the people or all at least learn through life experiences.The Patterns of Experiential LearningKolb theorized the forms of experien tial acquisition are within a four phase larning rhythm, which includes concrete experience, observation and contemplation, formation of abstract and proving in new state of affairss. There has been a contention over where the procedure of larning Begins. While Kolb and Fry posited that acquisition could get down from anyplace in the above theorized four elements of the learning rhythm, others have posited that larning Begins through a peculiar action and seeing the effects of the action in the state of affairs in which the action was carried out. Therefore, it was possible to larn what would be expected from the action, if it was repeated at those peculiar state of affairss, and this generalizing may let the grouping of similar events that have similar acquisition experiences. However, a scope of fortunes would be involved to calculate out a connexion between the actions and the associated effects. Persons would understand the general rule that underlies the peculiar case. The abov e theoretical account focuses on primary experience in experiential acquisition. Current literature has been accused of chiefly concentrating on primary experience in experiential acquisition theory and neglecting secondary experience. Weil and McGill categorized experiential acquisition in four ‘villages ‘ ( 1989 ) . These include the focal point on life and work experience to measure and recognize acquisition, recognizing alteration in constructions through experiential acquisition, focal point on raising group consciousness through experiential acquisition, and personal growing and self-awareness. These four ‘villages ‘ concern primary experience. Linguistic communicating is a channel through which indirect or secondary experience can be attained. Kolb theorized that persons would move in new fortunes to use the general rule and this application of the action was supposed to be within the scope of generalisation. Harmonizing to Kolb, feedback from the experiences would be used to alter patterns and theories whereas thoughts would be tested by concrete experiences gained from clip to clip ( Kolb 1984: 21-22 ) . The importance of feedback in the acquisition procedure is of import to guarantee that acquisition has taken topographic point. Therefore, the theory by Kolb has a nexus with Piaget ‘s cognitive development. Kolb and Fry identified four basic acquisition manners after developing a acquisition manner stock list ( Kolb, 1976 ) . The stock list would categorise people in either concrete experience and abstract conceptualisation, or active experimentation and brooding observation. The acquisition manners formulized by the above theoreticians are converger, diverger, learner and obliger. The converger would transport the features of abstract conceptualisation and active experimentation. Convergers would be individuals of narrow involvements, strong to use the thoughts practically, unemotional, and would hold a hypo-deductive logical thinking on specific jobs. The diverger would presume the features of concrete experience and brooding observation, and would be able to hold a strong imaginativeness. In add-on to holding wide cultural involvements, these persons have the ability to see things at different positions, and are interested in people. The learner would be defined by the two features, viz. abstract conceptualisation and brooding observation. The person would execute best in inductive logical thinking in add-on to being interested more in abstract constructs than people. Kolb and Fry besides described these persons as holding a great ability to make theor etical theoretical accounts. The 4th group theorized by Kolb and Fry was the obliger who would transport the features of concrete experience and active experimentation. These have been described as persons will be able to intuitively work out jobs, and when required to respond to immediate fortunes, these persons would make good. The persons have besides been termed as hazard takers and have greatest strength in making things. Kolb and Fry in there development of the acquisition manners challenged the construct that larning could be reduced to one dimension such as intelligence.Barriers/ Motivation to Experiential LearningThere are several barriers that will impact the execution of experiential acquisition, such as scholars ‘ emotion, as it would impact scholar ‘s motive to take part in the activity. Besides, the design of the activity is really of import as scholars are grownups, they are largely result-oriented and hence, the result of the activities is designed to be utile. Furthermore, the skillfulness of the facilitator is the cardinal barriers if the facilitator can non demo the preparedness and the facilitation skills efficaciously. Experiential acquisition is besides affected by factors such as the grownup motive to larning. In fact, larning is non merely a component of experiences but besides motive to larning. Motivation of grownup scholars is an of import facet to accomplishing successful grownup instruction. Motivation of the grownup scholar may be explored in consideration of the features of the grownup scholar. Adult scholars are autonomous and independent and hence the procedures with which larning is to be achieved need to further these rules. In this regard, they are more responsible and need counsel to larn and happen cognition on their ain ( Lieb, 1991 ) . The grownup scholar has gone through and accumulated a batch of experiences and cognition and may necessitate that the acquisition environment and larning procedure accommodate these things. Adults will inscribe for prosecuting faculty members and classs while cognizing clearly what they want, and therefore they need to be guided on what to accompl ish at the terminal of certain classs before they enroll. Adults are likely to prosecute in activities and procedures, which they see relevancy and hence the acquisition procedure must carry through this. They are practical and need to be shown regard. Consideration of the grounds why single grownups engage in the acquisition procedure is of import so as to further motive and acquisition. In order to actuate the grownup scholar, there is a demand to see some factors including demand to suit their cognitive involvements such as easing hunt of cognition on their ain. Adult scholars sometimes need to be considered in their quest to achieve relieve of ennui at work and place. The grownup scholar must be shown the connexion of the occupation towards promotion of the ego at the workplace, such as achieve publicity and be able to associate the two. ( Lieb, 1991 ) .The Strengths and Weaknesses of Experiential LearningExperiential acquisition can be utilized to planning of grownup acquisition and the rating of the same. Although the theoretical account has been applauded in the of import function it plays in the planning of larning activities and assisting to look into that scholars are engaged, there has been unfavorable judgment of the Ko lb ‘s theoretical account of larning with the feeling that it does non further the thought of contemplation in acquisition. For illustration, I have joined a Team Building Training Workshop held by my workplace before. I found that I could larn what I have experienced during the preparation, as there were many activities and games that could prosecute me. However, I could non associate or use what I have learnt, as some of the scenarios are non wholly the same and the transportation of acquisition is lower than my outlook. Besides, cultural barriers such as work forces are non allowed to touch adult females ‘s manus in some of the states, which will impact the acquisition procedure because some of the foreign scholars are non experiencing comfy to make so during the activity. As a consequence, it has been criticized that experiential acquisition does non use to all state of affairss theorized in the theoretical account. Alternatively, there was a possibility for options, such as information assimilation and memorisation. It is known that cultural experiences/ conditions have a topographic point in the acquisition procedure. The Kolb theoretical account does non have or gives a small focal point on cultural experiences/ conditions. The theoretical account does non concentrate on the importance of differences in cognitive and manners of communications that are culturally based. There has been thought that the presentation of the thoughts in the theoretical account is instead excessively orderly and simplistic ( and to extent unreal ) because some procedures may happen one time and phases can be jumped. The grade of integrating of the acquisition manners can non be measured by the acquisition manner stock list because the latter deficiencies that capacity ( Tennant, 1997 ) . In add-on, because a wide and broad research base is of import in researching and proving the theoretical account, the theoretical account is hence limited in its dimensions. While the construct of Kolb can give a linkage between cognition and acquisition, it has been criticized because of limited geographic expedition of cognition. Kolb has merely explored the issue of cognition on a societal psychological science position and does non therefore explore it in deepness. The theory has been criticized for go forthing out the arguments about cognition theorized in the philosophic and societal theory. His conceptualisation of the thought that larning is concerned with bring forthing cognition has been faulted on the consideration of the thought of informed, committed action. A farther apprehension of experiential acquisition may be indicated in the theory generated by Jarvis ( 1987, 1995 ) and theorizes the different responses to the possible acquisition state of affairs. The theory development involved geographic expedition of the Kolb ‘s theoretical account by a figure of grownups who would use their ain experience of acquisition in the analysis. Non-learning, non-reflective acquisition, and some brooding acquisition were the different paths that were possible in the theoretical account theorized by Jarvis. In non-learning, people were able to interact through patterned behaviours. Persons may neglect to react to a state of affairs of possible acquisition and hence neglect to be engaged in the experiential acquisition procedure. In add-on, it was possible to undergo rejection in the procedure and fail to accomplish or progress experiential acquisition. Non-reflective tendencies included the day-to-day brushs of pre-conscious behaviour as everyone is exposed to experiences on a day-to-day footing that he does non believe about. Practice is besides a phase in non-reflective tendency and focal points on geting physical accomplishments and preparation for a manual business. Non-reflective tendency besides is characterized by memorisation. In this theoretical account, brooding acquisition involved contemplation, which entails giving a consideration and doing an rational determination about it. Persons would besides be able to travel thorough reflective acquisition by holding a brooding pattern in and on action. The conceptualisation by Jarvis besides falls short in the consideration of phase wise flow of things, yet it is important to observe that different things may go on together at one time.DecisionTheory of grownup acquisition is limited and needs geographic expedition to understand. There are many positions of grownup acquisition in theory, including autonomous acquisition, critical contemplation, experiential acquisition and acquisition to larn hold been neglected in theory geographic expedition. The consideration of grownup acquisition as separate from the normal acquisition theory is incorrect and undeserved. This paper chiefly covered the facets of experiential acquisition, and considers the Kolb and Jarvis theory of experiential acquisition. Experiential larning involves the person acquisition through experiences of existent life state of affairs or the acquisition that is fostered by the establishments. The theory of provides of import constituents on how big acquisition may be good accomplished and planned but has some defects. These include restriction in its coverage of issue of cognition and limited research base for the theory. Kolb ‘s theoretical account of experiential acquisition has besides been criticized for deficiency of consideration of contemplation in acquisition. Both the Kolb ‘s and Jarvis ‘ parts have besides been found to fall short of outlooks in that they involve stage-wise development of procedures of larning yet it would be expected that sometimes more than one procedure happens at the same clip and others are skipped. Though the consideration of the grownup larning procedure as being separate from the normal acquisition procedure has been criticized, it is of import to calculate out ways in which grownup larning differs or the features of the procedure or scholars that make it diverge from the normal known acquisition procedure. In order to further larning procedure by the person, it is of import to see the features of the grownup scholar. The grownup scholar is a autonomous person who has already determined what they want from the class they have enrolled into. Again, they are likely to prosecute into activities they see as relevant. Adult scholars have an advanced motivation of larning such as necessitating accomplishing certain makings that will do them be promoted at the workplace, among others, and hence these demands must be understood and incorporated in the acquisition procedure and instruction course of study. Learning procedure does non merely constitute of experiences, but that factors like motive play an of import function in the accomplishment or engagement in larning. Motivation plays an of import function in the acquisition of an grownup. Understanding of the factors that influence motive and its topographic point in acquisition may further grownup instruction. While there are assorted ways through which an grownup scholar may be motivated, other barriers including duties at place, clip bounds among others act as barriers to motive. The best manner to actuate an grownup scholar is to progress the ground for registration into the peculiar class. Experiential acquisition plays an of import function in grownup acquisition.

British Homes

There are 22 million places in Britain # 8212 ; large places and little places, old bungalows and new edifices, houses and flats. ( Americans say apartment but British people say level ) . Many British people love old houses and these are frequently more expensive than modern 1s. They besides love horticulture and you will see gardens everyplace you go: in towns, small towns and out in the state. Some are really little with merely one tree and a few flowers. Others are tremendous with plentifulness of flowers and adequate veggies and fruit trees. Two tierce of the households in Britain own their houses. Millions of these houses are the same with two or three sleeping rooms and a bathroom upstairs, dining room and kitchen downstairs. To pay for their house, place proprietors borrow money from a edifice society and pay back a small every month. There are a great many different sorts of places in Britain, but there are non plenty! It is frequently really hard for immature people to happen a place when they want to get down a household. British places are normally smaller than American places. But like Americans old people, immature households and single people do non normally live together. # 1046 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1097 ; # 1072 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1075 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1095 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1042 ; # 1041 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1091 ; # 1097 ; # 1077 ; # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1074 ; # 1091 ; # 1077 ; # 1090 ; 22 # 1084 ; # 1080 ; # 1083 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1086 ; # 1085 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 8212 ; # 1073 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1096 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1100 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1093 ; , # 1089 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1082 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1076 ; # 1078 ; # 1077 ; # 1081 ; # 1080 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1099 ; # 1093 ; # 1079 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1081 ; , # 1076 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1090 ; # 1080 ; # 1088 ; ( # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1082 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1094 ; # 1099 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1086 ; # 1088 ; # 1103 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1087 ; # 1072 ; # 1088 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; # 1084 ; # 1077 ; # 1085 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; , # 1072 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; à £Ãƒ «Ãƒ ¨Ãƒ ·Ãƒ  Ãƒ ­Ãƒ ¥ — à ªÃƒ ¢Ãƒ  Ãƒ °Ãƒ ²Ãƒ ¨Ãƒ °Ãƒ   ) . 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Questions: 1. How many places are at that place in Britain? 2. Two tierces of households own their ain houses, do nt they? 3. What do these households do to pay for houses? 4. Is it hard or easy for immature people to happen a place? 5. What can you state about British places? Vocabulary: proprietor # 8212 ; # 1074 ; # 1083 ; # 1072 ; # 1076 ; # 1077 ; # 1083 ; # 1077 ; # 1094 ; to borrow # 8212 ; # 1079 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1080 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1100 ; tremendous # 8212 ; # 1086 ; # 1075 ; # 1088 ; # 1086 ; # 1084 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1081 ;

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Performance Management - Essay Example 1. Focus on Performing Best to Achieve Organizational Objectives Link between Individuals, Team and Organizational Objectives Every organization hires and employs individuals who possess different sets of skills and are expert in their respective fields. These individuals are provided training to understand and learn what is required from them to put in their respective jobs, so that the organizational goals and objectives can be achieved. The objectives of an individual are to put their best efforts in their work so that they can earn good and move up in organizational hierarchy. Team’s objectives are to work as a unit to achieve organization’s objectives whereas the organization’s objective is to maximize the stakeholder’s wealth by performing well. The objectives of an individual are linked to the objectives of team, as when the individual being a member of the team, performs well, it will put positive impact on the moral of the team. When each individu al in a team performs well, it will be easier to achieve the objectives of the team and consequently, the working relationship of individuals within a team will help the organization to achieve its objectives. Being a potential manager or a leader of team, I would focus on working with each individual in my team separately. In my opinion, it is essential for me to discuss work related issues and solutions with every individual of my team so that the team members can get motivated and work towards achieving the organizational objectives. Selection of Individual and Team Objectives Individual objectives are selected after the analysis of each individual’s personal competencies and skills, whereas the team objectives are selected after considering the nature of work that is required to be performed by the team. There are numerous reasons for setting different objectives for a team and individual to achieve. Bering on a managerial position, I would set different objectives for my team and the individuals who are member of my team. Considering the fact that organizational objectives becomes difficult to achieve due to the knowledge, skills and abilities that are required from a single person. Provided that I would select a team of diversified individual, it will provide me a chance to fill the gaps left by one individual, by utilizing the skills of other individual who have skill to fill that gap. Areas of Individual and Team Responsibility To achieve organization’s objectives, a manger must create a distinctive line between the responsibilities of team and the individuals within that team. If I were the manager, I would have based my leadership style prescribed by John Adair (Adair 2012). As proposed by Adair, an action centered leader will identify aims and vision of a group, gather resources, create a plan, allot responsibilities, set standards and control the flow of activities. Being a manager of a team, I would be responsible for establishing ob jectives and reaching to a point where my team members agree with my work method and than work towards achieving the objectives. On the other hand, being a manger for individuals in my team, I would assess personal skill, problems, highs and lows of every individual and than assort individual responsibilities accordingly. Need to Trust and Support An environment where every individual of a team have a right to speak and share ideas, develops self-confidence and intrinsic motivation among the individuals. As being a manager, I would pay especial consideration towards winning trust of my team and individua

A Case of Lengthier Annual Reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Case of Lengthier Annual Reports - Essay Example It also includes the company’s mission statement and pertinent financial statements (Holmes, Sugden, & Gee, 2008). While annual reports used to fall considerably below the 100-page mark during the last decade, a survey by business advisory firm Deloitte shows that in 2010, the average length of annual reports has reached an all-time high of 101 pages (Deloitte, 2010). Interestingly enough, the lengthiest reports are littered with more advertisement-like photographs and captions than relevant narratives and figures. These are the supposed culprits of reports being lengthier than they used to be. Such a phenomenon is of primary interest because of the impact that this has on the ability of such reports to serve their true purpose. Questions arise as to whether lengthier reports actually provide readers with more information or additional confusion? Do the long reports indicate that companies are revealing more of their respective businesses’ actual performance or are they merely an effort to gloss over weaknesses that new regulatory rules aim to draw out? Do lengthier reports mean more substance or just more clutter? This paper attempts to provide answers to these questions and adequately support the claims made herein by extracts from actual company annual reports. Company reports included are those of Ericssion, Carlsberg, and Walmart. Reasons for the increasing length of annual reports According to Isobel Sharp, an audit partner at Deloitte, annual reports are significantly increasing in length because companies are now revealing their company’s business risks and even having important performance indicators disclosed in their reports. Moreover, corporates now provide a director’s responsibility statement, a requirement introduced around four years ago as a consequence of EU’s Transparency Obligations Directive (Deloitte, 2010). Essentially, the many rules that are brought up in recent years are also being blamed for the cons istently rising trend in annual report length. However, the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) of UK points out that company reports in general are trying to please too many users at the same time, hence the almost unstoppable increasing trend in the length of annual reports (UK FRC, 2010). Preparers try to put in as much additional information as they can in an attempt to make the reports as appealing to current and prospective investors as possible (Campbell & Slack, 2008). One company that illustrates this is the 163-page Annual Report by the Carlsberg Group of companies which feels so much more like a 163-page advertisement, with pages that are more fitting in a magazine than in a business report. On the other hand, Boeing’s annual report cannot be more straightforward in its layout and content. Yet, the company needed 156 pages to provide all the data needed and required by regulatory institutions. These two examples illustrate that the burgeoning lengths of annual report s are both a result of additional requirements from regulatory institutions, and the trying-to-please-everybody approach of report preparers. If these requirements are further increased in the future, then lengthier annual reports may definitely be expected. Experts are even hinting that 200 page mark may not be far from being surpassed considering the current trend of adding more and more arguably irrelevant pages to annual reports. More words: For better or for worse? Preparers of annual reports reveal that because of the need to effectively inform shareholders of what is happening in the business, and the need to be able to satisfy the disclosure rules set by regulators, more words are apparently needed (The FRC, 2011). However,

Trillion Dollar Bet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trillion Dollar Bet - Essay Example Quantitative finance is still a huge part of institutional investing, but despite that fact there are still those traders who feel that it is used too much. This in the end creates a certain amount of hostility between the "rocket scientists" or "quants" and the "intuitive" traders who depend only minimally on mathematics. What is interesting, and also unfortunate about this tension, is that no one has really conducted a study that would shed light on which approach is more optimal in terms of making money for either individual investors or financial institutions. Such a study would be fascinating, and would give much needed and incredibly valuable information on trading strategies. The viewer is given the opportunity to learn of the attempts that have been made to find a mathematical formula for risk, which after some decades of research has finally been achieved by Myron Scholes and Fisher Black, with important contributions as well from Robert Merton. The 'Black-Scholes equation' is now ubiquitous in financial engineering, and as the program mentions, is greatly used in trading pits to estimate the price of an option. This part of the program is actually very interesting, for it discusses the historical origins of quantitative finance, in looking at the thesis of Louis Bechalier. ... For example, the factors which lead LTCM to go into liquidation are not immediately known. The viewer is also led to believe that the LTCM organization, through its vast positioning, aggravated the financial turmoil at that time. With the unknown reasoning behind the ultimate liquidation, any such conclusions or statements first should go through serious research before any final decision is made. No evidence for this is given in the program, and also many of the guests reflect a certain bias against quantitative finance. Bias on any topic can lead to an unfortunate sense of crucial facts being potentially ignored in favor of siding with a popular idea(s). For starters, one of the guests on the program, Stan Jonas of FINAT Brothers, makes reference to a collection of people who a consumer would want to "manage their money." In the end, who are these people and what justifies imputing to them this rare ability Also what is their track record in investment Do they consistently make money, and is this consistency verifiable to an external observer It is these questions which are truly important, and is imperative to ask in order to have a fully well rounded understanding of the subject matter that is being assessed. Sadly, Jonas does not give any names or examples unfortunately, and his statements do reflect to an already mentioned degree of bias against the practice of mathemati cal modeling in finance. Such a bias in and of itself is not necessarily bad, but a reader who is really interested in studying the difference in efficacious between trading strategies, i.e. maybe between those that exploit complex mathematics and those that do not, will not gain anything from Jonas' statements. Such

Making Ethics Rules Stick Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Making Ethics Rules Stick - Essay Example Often, employees know the rules but run into ethical problems when they try to circumvent them. A company's standard for ethical enforcement is the most important factor. He quotes Noah Pickus, associate director of the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke University, who asserts "Institutions have ethical cultures. Individuals are shaped by, and respond to, those cultures. Rules are always important, but more important is how those rules are aligned with what people 'know' about what the institution allows or encourages" (para. 10). The key for ethical improvement in any corporation is to establish a strong connection between the ethics rules and the corporate culture. Raspberry goes on to quote Pickus: "If a corporation is serious about ethical standards, it will show up not just in rules but in performance reviews -- in the entire culture of the place . . . what does it say when the people who have gone to jail for various kinds of fraud were, before their convictions, systematically promoted by their companies" Essentially, promoting strong ethics requires a sound ethical structure that acts as a foundation for the entire culture of the organization. ... The article maintains that a more ethical approach to ethics training would be to embrace it for the right reasons - a real desire to instill an ethical mindset and standard of behavior throughout the organization. While there is certainly some benefit to reinforcing the rules, it has little effect on the long term ethical state of an organization unless those rules are connected with the values that govern the day-to-day activities and transactions of the business. The question posed by the article is whether it can be considered ethical for a company to provide ethics training in order to protect itself from potential legal problems down the road. Ethical Approaches Under the various goal based and duty based ethical approaches to analyzing the issue posed by the Raspberry article, it would be difficult to maintain that the recent explosion of ethics training among American companies is ethical. Neither the training itself nor the effect of the training is necessarily a good thing from a long-term perspective if it is undertaken in a half-hearted way that is not supported by the overall culture of the organization, and designed solely to cover the posterior of the corporate executives who decide to implement the training. A deontological assessment of the act itself would require that it be an inherently good thing to do, which it would be if it were done for the right reasons. On the other hand, a teleological assessment of the repercussions of the act would require that it produce a positive outcome, which it would if it were carried through in the organizational culture. Neither is the case here, and thus these ethical approaches require

Zara Industries Case Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Zara Industries Case Analysis Assignment - Essay Example Ferdows, Lewis, and Machuca suggest customers purchase clothing from Zara as a response to the unique retail store experience. The fashions are presented in a spacious store, averaging approximately 1,000 square meters, but in limited supply. For example, they may display just one of each size of a given style of pants, so the customer feels as though they must buy the clothing or miss out on the opportunity (Ferdows, Lewis, and Machuca). 2. How does the design function at Inditex differ from similar design shops at H&M and GAP? Explanation Zara has its supply chain completely under control. The company is able to have its inexpensive, fashionable clothing styles from the designer to the retail location in about two weeks (Capell). It typically takes GAP 9 months for clothing styles to make it from design to retail. H&M on the other hand takes approximately 20 days to get its designs into its stores; because like Zara, its costs are under control and the supply chain is very tight (L arenaudie). Impact on Costs and Profit Approximately 70% of the compensation paid to sales managers working in the Zara retail locations is based on commission. This is an incentive for them to accurately identify trends on a daily basis to inform the 300 designers what is hot at the moment, and what is not selling very well (Capell).

Musical Instrument Museum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Musical Instrument Museum - Essay Example The yangqin is a commonly used Chinese musical instrument because it was present in the three episodes and also at the museum. Yangqin is a dulcimer, and people play it using bamboo mallets pair rubberised on one end. It is played by hitting the string with the rubberised end, but the mallets can be used through being turned over to create a sharper note. In playing some Chinese song, the player holds the mallets vertically and makes the use of the other end or the use of hands to pluck. Yangqin is referred to as a versatile instrument because it is able to play arpeggios or rapid running tunes. Liuqin was also available in the museum and at the three episodes. This instrument is referred to as a soprano range lute. Liuqin has two sound holes located at the side of the body. The instruments also look similar to pipa but has is smaller. Liuqin has four strings that are turned G3-D4-G4-D5. The instrument just like guitar is played using the plectrum. An individual can change the pitch by pressing slightly above the frets of the instrument. It is a soprano instrument because it has a bright and penetrating sound. The range of liuqin is similar to the violin.Pipa is another instrument that was present in the museum as well as in the three episodes.Pipa has been associated with imperial songstresses and concubines at teahouses since it conveys the stereotypical demure damsel image. Pipa does not have the sound hole, but this does not limit it from producing musical sound just like other plucked string instruments.

Discuss the Role of Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Essay Example for Free

Discuss the Role of Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Essay Support that serotonin leads to aggressive behaviour has been found, as human and animal research suggest that serotonin levels influence aggression and violent behaviour. There seems to be a negative correlation as low levels of serotonin, increase aggressive behaviour. Although we cannot determine a causal link as the cause of aggression cannot be attributed solely to serotonin. The link between dopamine and aggression is not as clear as with serotonin. Although there does seem to be a relationship between high levels of dopamine and aggression. Dopamine is produced in response to rewarding stimuli such as food, sex and recreational drugs. Research suggests that some individuals try to find aggressive encounters because of the rewarding sensations it brings, caused by increases in dopamine. Researchers have also suggested that people can become addicted to aggression, in the same way that they become addicted to food, gambling, etc. Ferrari et al. made a rat fight for 10 consecutive days. On the 11th day it was not allowed to fight. Researchers found that in anticipation of the fight the rat’s dopamine levels had raised and serotonin levels had decreased. This shows that experience had altered the rat’s brain chemistry, gearing it up for a fight. This supports the idea that both neurotransmitters are involved in aggressive behaviour and suggests a possible cognitive element in aggression i. e. the anticipation the rats experienced seemed to altar the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. It is hard to extrapolate these results from animals to humans as it is unclear whether the influence is the same for both. Hormonal mechanisms such as testosterone and cortisol, are chemicals which regulate and control body functions. It is said that hormone levels affect a person’s behaviour. An example of a hormone which affects body functions is testosterone. This hormone is found in both men and women, but in larger quantities in men. Testosterone makes aggression more likely, but there is not a causal link. Nelson found a positive correlation between levels of testosterone and aggressive behaviour in male and female prisoners. However these levels were not measured during the aggressive act so we cannot be sure whether hormonal levels are a causal factor. Observational studies of children have shown that they tend to become more aggressive once they enter puberty and their testosterone levels rise. Pillay found that male and female athletes involved in aggressive sports have higher levels of testosterone than those involved in non-aggressive sports. Despite these findings we can question this using the basal and reciprocal model of testosterone. Did the male and females have high levels of testosterone and so were more competitive and dominant, therefore enjoying aggressive sports as stated by the basal model of testosterone. Or were the high levels of testosterone in those involved in aggressive sports exerted due to the aggressive sports, as stated by the reciprocal model of testosterone. Whether testosterone causes aggression has not been proved, although it does have an effect on aggressive behaviour. It also plays a big role in encouraging other behaviours i. e. dominance, impulsiveness and competition. These are all adaptive behaviours in human evolution and therefore very important for our survival as species. Despite this, this is a deterministic view of human behaviour. If aggression is completely controlled by neural and hormonal levels then it follows that individuals don’t exert any free will over their actions and that their behaviour is completely determined by their biochemistry. There are many individuals who have high testosterone levels, who may choose not to act aggressively even though they may be provoked. This demonstrates how a person can exert their free will and choose to override biological impulses. By only understanding aggressive behaviour from a biological approach, these explanations can be criticised for being reductionist. Simpson argues that testosterone is just one factor linked to aggression and that the effects of environmental stimuli such as heat and overcrowding have at times been found to correlate strongly. Likewise social psychological theories of aggression, e. g. social learning theory and deindividualisation have also received a lot of research support, for example the studies conducted by Bandura and Zimbardo.

Traditional And Contemporary Japanese Graphic Design Cultural Studies Essay

Traditional And Contemporary Japanese Graphic Design Cultural Studies Essay This could be just a regular day in Japan: kimonos and mobile phones, traditional ceremonies ending at fast food restaurants, expensive branded handbags, and totally packed trains. (Kozak Wiedman, p. 16) Japan has always been a progressive part of the world. Not only in the field of graphic design, but also in design generally, in technological process, in science etc. They have always been and always will be one step forward from the western world. We can only guess why it happened and when it started. The result of what kind of influence could lead to such exceptional anomaly? It might be cultural aspects: the Japanese culture is one of the kind, unique and sometimes indescribable. You cannot find anything similar or even alike in any other culture in the world. It always contains gargantuan spiritual message. It might be a harmony, which is the most respectable value in Japan in almost all spheres of activity. Maybe it is the other way of perception things, different mentality, which is based on parenting and surroundings and that in turn creates diverse individual personality and helps to build face of society in general. All of the above establish chain links where are one depen ds on another and every each of them influence one other. (Kozak Wiedman, pp. 15-22) I was always admired by the Japanese progression and it always inspired me not only in a creative way but also in a way of lifestyle. This pushed me to choose the theme of my dissertation: Contemporary Japanese Graphic Design is direct extension of Japanese Prints (Ukiyo-e) of the end of 18th the beginning of 19th century. I started to think if the contemporary Japanese graphic design is inspired and influenced by old examples of Traditional Japanese graphics. How deep is this inspiration and how Japanese people themselves perceive the progression of design, because for the western mentality it is something unbelievable extraordinary and conceptual? It is well known that the respect for the traditional Japanese art among artists not only in Japan, but all over the world is very deep, but for Japanese society it is extreme. And it is seen in most of the contemporary graphic design pieces: deep appreciation and honor to be a part of it. (Kozak Wiedman, pp. 15-22) Further I will try to answer questions to describe the current situation in relative to the perception of the traditional graphics and contemporary graphic design: study history of traditional Japanese graphic design, critically analyze it try to understand the most important aspects of life and try to grasp the essence of themes graphics and the main streams and details in the paintings of artists choose two traditional artists who worked in different genres and critically analyze their life and work study evolution of contemporary graphic design and identify mainstream chose the sphere of the graphic design which more correspond to traditional Japanese graphics choose several designers who perform in genre of graphic design investigate their life and works compare contemporary graphic design with traditional Japanese prints and detect influence and understand how current designers are inspired by Japanese old prints and techniques how deep is this influence In my dissertation I will try to prove that nowadays designers from Japan are very much influenced and inspired by the works of traditional graphic artists and that this influence is very deep and broad or I will refute this fact. History of Japanese Traditions and culture. Until modern times, the Japanese wrote with the brush rather than a pen and their familiarity with brush techniques has made them particularly sensitive to painterly values. They found sculpture a much less sympathetic medium for artistic expression. (Pioch, 2002) Japanese art started to develop sometime in the tenth millennium BC. For the long period of time, Japanese managed to develop the ability to absorb and assimilate different elements of foreign cultures which have been brought from the continent. They succeeded not only to implement these specific features in their own culture, but also to create new, based on their experience from this contact. (Pioch, 2002) Buddhism had a Dramatic impact on Japanese culture and traditions. It was introduced to Japan by travelers and visitors of China and Korea. Together with religion several art techniques as the design of pottery and metal vases, more advanced methods of casting in bronze and also new techniques and mediums for paintings were brought from continent. The religion became a very important factor in contact and relationships between Japan, Korea, China and whole Asian continent. (Hooker, 1996; Pioch, 2002) First Ukiyo-e emerged in the middle of the 17 century in the city named Edo, which is now turned into famous and eccentric Tokyo. Everything was concentrated in Edo: politics, art, religion, this city was a centre of Japanese development. The Japanese art has always been characterized by unique polarities: simple content of images and a very deep and controversial meaning. The main topic of art in that period were pleasures of life, in fact the whole name of the art stream Ukiyo-e can be understand as pictures of the floating world. As the art at that era was the prerogative of the upper class which can afford to buy original paintings the artists themselves wanted the lower classes to be involved in the art life of the society. So, the special technique was introduced in Japan that time. The woodblock prints were very popular and inexpensive so, everyone could buy them. The essence of woodblock prints laid in the copying of original art work with the help of woodcuts, and that is wh y it is called Japanese prints. One of the most important and popular motif of art at that time was an image of soldier and war theme. The popularity of this flow started from Onin war, which took place between years of 1466 and 1467 and was one of the most devastating civil wars in 15th century. During the 16th century the new historical order was established in Japan by two misfires of the country Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who started an early Modern Age in Japan. In art this time period is called Momoyama period. The main motifs of traditional Japanese art which started to appear in Momoyama art period were: landscapes paintings, images of flowers and animals in different season of the year, scenes from every day city life, the pictures of historical events, unusual views of famous places, tea-houses visits, geishas images, motif of bijin-ga which can be encrypted as portraits of beautiful women, erotic pictures and also a heavy demand for scenes of brothels and theaters was touched in the paintings. One of the most well-known entertainments for public was theatre where the Kabuki performance was held. Kabuki means song-dance-art and it was founded by Izumo no Okuni. Kabuki was presented by men in kimonos who danced in traditional style for Japan. This performance was very popular among public and generated Kabuki-mono dance. This trend was copied by prostitutes who danced on the street and in the brothels to attract new clients. With time Kabuki-mono dance became an art, and upper class prostitutes and courtesans, who owned this art to perfection, could be very expensive. This trend generated with time the new flow, only Geishas can perform the Kabuki-mono dance and only them had a right to do that. This phenomenon had a heavy impact on artists and at that period the pictures of geishas, courtesans and Kabuki dance actors became very popular stream which stayed in the Japanese art for several centuries. (Fahr-Becker, pp. 10-36) UTAMARO KITAGAWA 1753-1806. The man who loved women: this was Kitawaga Utamaro. It would be hard to think of an artist more intent on the opposite sex. Or one who left more images of women working, wating, arranging their faces, combing their hair, readying themselves for the day performance (or the nights trade) or simple thinking, feeling, watchingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Laure Cumming (Guardian News and Media Limited, 2010) There are not much known facts about Utamaro, he was born around 1753 probably in province named Musashi. After his father death, young artist moved to Edo. After some time in year 1775 he joined the studio of a painter Seiken, who might be his relative. He stayed there for 7 years. In year 1780 he was discovered by a leading publisher at that time Tsutaya Juzaburo, who recognized his talent and entranced him to Yoshiwara, which at that time was a rendezvous for artists and poets. Two years later Utamaro signed the contract with Juzaburo and together they published several book illustrations, which made Kitagawa famous At the same time he changed his name from his original name Ichitaro Kitagawa to Utamaro Kitagawa and under this name he became popular (Fahr-Becker, pp. 173-230; Artelino GmbH, 2010). His style became completed and built only in 1790s. He had conquered the field of Ukiyo-e with his bejin-gas. In 1793 Utamaro started to work on his most famous erotic graphics paintings of women from Yoshivwara (Glenn, 2010). He was truly inspired by female body Kiyonga graceful and elegant female type, which he surrounded with a mist of eroticism. Utamaro was one of a kind his style was unique; he was the very first artist that time who started to picture women more realistic, without lying (Artelino GmbH, 2010). His works contain very good composition, easy command techniques; he used silver and gold powder and different paintings styles in his art works (Fahr-Becker, pp. 173-230). Utamaro was a master of half-tones; his colors run from black and white to all shades of grey, umber, soft ochre and plum. It is seems, he was dreaming while painting. He played with silhouettes shadows illusions and reality. The way Kitagawa portrayed prostitutes and courtesans is contains as much dignity as his portraits of aristocrats (Guardian News and Media Limited, 2010). Even thought he portrayed his women more realistic than any artist before, he liked to idealize them. His women are taller and slimmer than they really were. Indeed his graphic painters looked like nowadays fashion magazine photos (Artelino GmbH, 2010). One of the most meaningful and important works of his life was a pillow-book E-hon Utamakura published in year 1788. It is said to be the most sophisticated work of an erotic graphic at that time in Japan. Utamara was the most successful and well-known author of the beautiful women motifs. He showed women with deep sensitivity and respect as no one before him. (Fahr-Becker, pp. 200-230) KATSUSHIKA HOKUSAI (1760-1849). From the age of six I had a mania for drawing the shapes of things. When I was fifty I had published a universe of designs, but all I have done before the age of seventy is not worth bothering with. At seventy five Ill have learned something of the pattern of nature, of animals, of plants, of trees, birds, fish and insects. When I am eighty you will see real progress. At ninety I shall have cut my way deeply in to the mystery of life itself. At a hundred I shall be a marvelous artist. At a hundred and ten everything I create; a dot, a line, will jump to life as never before. To all of you, who are going to live as long, as I do, I promise to keep my word. I am writing this in my old age. I used to call myself Hokosai, but today I sign myself The Old Man Mad about Drawing. Katsushika Hokusai (Andreas.com, 2010) One of the greatest artists of the Japanese prints was born on 12 of October in 1760 in the city of Edo, which is now known as city of Tokyo. History did not tell us anything about his real parents, in age of 3, Katsushika was adopted by Nakajime Ise, mirror maker (Fahr-Becker, pp. 173-178). Work of his new father included paintings and design around mirrors, and this was a real inspiration for small Hokusai and pushed him closely to art. During his artistic life, he changed his name at least 30 times; probably it was a trend for artists of that time (Katsushikahokusai.org, 2010). Small Katsushika started to pain in age of 6 years old, in age of 12 his father send him to work in the public library, where he was reading a lot and where he firstly was introduced to Ukiyo-e, Japanese prints. In 1775 Hokusai started to study at the art school of Katsukawa Shunsho, who had been a master of ukiyo-e (Fahr-Becker, pp. 173-178). He spent about 19 years in this art studio, after what, he was fired because he started to attend another art school, called Kano, and that was a well known fact. Later he had changed his school again and again, and each time he had been choosing a new name (Glenn, 2010). His first work was published in 1779, it was a picture of actor, he published it under the name Shumo, and three years after his first big project appeared, it were illustrations of the book-novel. During his studying he was very inspired by European art and, what is more important by Chinese historical art and after, he was known like a Japans expert on Chinese paintings. One of the most well known of his works is woodblock print series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (1831), where we can found most famous and recognized in the whole world print called The Great Wave of Kanagawa, which was produced during the 1820 (Katsushikahokusai.org, 2010). World know this series as a thirty six illustration work, but originally, before the series were published author included ten more prints. In his work all spectrum of Ukiyo-e art can be found: picture books, books of anecdotes, erotic books, individual prints, surimono, illustrations of verse and historical romances, paintings, sketches etc. (Japanese prints). Katsushika passed away after a very productive life; he left more than 30  000 works which included: woodblocks prints, silk paintings, erotic illustrations, picture books, sketches, manga and travel illustrations (Andreas.com, 2010). His manner of work is known to be as a very realistic one; his main themes were everyday life, people in nature life, animals, nature, plants, landscapes and mythological scenes. Katsushika was a very productive and active person this can be seen though his art work and paintings. During his life he had changed his home more than 93 times, he was married twice, become a father of several children. Hokusai brought a new greatness to Ukiyo-e art (Fahr-Becker, pp. 173-178). CONTEMPRORY GRAPHIC DESIGN intro Graphic design has been introduced to our everyday life long time ago, so song we cant even see it now. Everything we are surrounded with television, advertising, internet, web pages, faces of the companies, packaging and more is a graphic design, we live in it, we surrounded by it, we cannot imaging our life without it. Japan is probably a center of this circle, of contemporary graphic design life. Many mainstreams of contemporary graphic design are coming from Japan. It is Mecca for many graphic designers. Here you can found the most bold and bright ways of introducing graphic design to life. Tokyo is seen from abroad as a gigantic bright and never-sleeping city. As Japan itself for foreigners it is a mystery and unpredictability, which they could never found at home. Everything in Japan exists in a form of harmonized polarity. And this kind of polarity can be found not only in graphic design and art, but in everyday life. Because of island situation, Japan is very hard to see with your own eyes and ever harder to discover. Japan is a country of contact, where everything happens simultaneously. Japanese traditional culture is originally based on a simplicity, harmony and sensitivity, which is based on the respect for balance, the perfect example for that would be the Japanese language itself the hieroglyphs, which combine all the features so important not only for the Japanese culture but what is more meaningful for the people of Japan. Same simplicity can be seen in traditional Japanese art forms as Kabuki mono dance, and Ukiyo-e woodcut graphic prints. In contrast ther e is another flow which is very popular in Japan nowadays bright, colorful, brush and busy style, mainly influenced by Manga comic books and Anime animated movies. The existing and using of four different languages in speaking and writing in Japanese culture make the possibilities of combination of different symbols far more richer for Japanese designers than for any others. (KozakWiedman, pp. 15-22) KENYA HARA 1958. Design is like a fruit of a tree. In product design vehicles and refrigerators are the fruit. Design functions from the perspective of how to produce a good fruit. If you look at the tree from some distance, you see next to the tree that bears the fruit and then the soil in which the tree stands. Important to the whole process of creation good fruit is the condition of the soil. Kenya Hara (The Designers Review of Books, 2009) Kenya Hara was born in 1958 in Tokyo, he represents new generation of designers born in post World War two periods in Japan and raised in the 1960-1970 when the nation transformed from a heavily militaristic Asian society with feudal roots in to a new developing power of the world (Dezeen, 2010). Kenya Hara is not only a great graphic designer, but more importantly he is a thinker, philosopher and orator. According to his words, the main aim of design is not design itself, but a concept and perception. Before created something, you have to understand and realize what are the reasons and functions and features of what is supposed to be created (Theme Magazine, 2008). From the beginning of his art career he was searching for the meaning and purpose of his work. He wanted to find his design methodology which would define his design life and he recently found his life principles. He claims that his methodology is inspired by traditional graphics of Japanese masters of Japanese prints Ukiyo-e (Core77, Inc., 2010). He incorporated traditional Japanese art culture to contemporary graphic design through his works. One of many examples would be the designing of Nagano Winter Olympics opening and closing ceremonies, where he tried to show the essence beauty and spirit of Japanese culture to those who came abroad of forget about their roots (Moleskine, 2010). Kenya developed his unique methodology, which is based on notions of emptiness, minimalism, escapist colours and archaic form. He advocates simplicity in design, and most of his work is done exclusively in white colour, he insists that: White is a colour, from which colour has escaped, but its diversity is boundless. According to him, the emptiness in design is dramatic in contrast with western perception of this idea Japanese would argue that emptiness is a chance for probability it is not defined and this concept goes far deep into Buddhism and Zen concept (Core77, Inc., 2010; Bigin Japan 2010). One of the greatest examples of his perception of art is his book published 2007 Designing Design, which is the translation into English of his book Design of Design, which was published in Japan in 2003 and received several Awards (Moleskine, 2010). One of the main purposes of translating this book into English was according to the author to show and introduce unique Japanese culture and its concepts to Western world and to bring closer Western world to Japan. Now Kenya Hara is a professor at the Musashino Art University in Tokyo and Art Director of Muji (a brand with no-brand policy) since 2002. He is interested in travel and deepening his concept of perception, so he can bring those new ideas into his art work. YAYOI KUSAMA 1929. One day I was looking at the red flower patterns of the tablecloth on the table and when I looked up, I saw the same pattern covering the ceiling, the windows, and the walls, and finally all over the room, my body and the universe. I felt as if I had began to self-obliterate, to revolve in the infinity of endless time and the absoluteness of space, and be reduced to nothingness. As I realized it was actually happening and not just in my imagination, I was frightenedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Yayoi Kusama (McShane Eliason, 2010) She was born on 22 of March in 1929 in Matsumoto City in Japan (Gagosian Gallery, 2010). According to her words, her mother was extremely violent and hated to see her painting, she beat her almost every day and destroyed many of her first paintings. Yayoi started to see hallucinations since she was ten years old and that was the time she started to paint. She ran away from her family to study art in Kyoto, but she found her school to conservative out of touch with reality of modern art. So, she did not really attend classes, she used to paint in dormitory instead (Bomb Magazine, 2010). She also studied Nihonga panting rigorous formal style developed during the Meiji period (1868-1912) ( Gagosian Gallery, 2010 ). At the same period of her life she began to receive psychiatric treatment. In one of her interviews, Yayoi claims that she tried to cure her disease by translating her hallucinations and fear of hallucinations into paintings (Bomb Magazine, 2010). In 1957 Kusama moved to New York, where she started a new life. She stayed in USA for next 10 years and was broadly recognized as genius artist not only among critics and colleagues, but also she was rediscovered by public (Kusama, 2007). She produced astonishing number of works; among them we can found not only paintings, but also sculptures, collages, photo-collages, installations, performances, graphic design, fashion design and even film. She could not be defined as artist of particular style or rubric, as she does not fit in any of the categories. Many connoisseurs of art tried to put her in categories like pop art, minimalism, post minimalism etc., but she is everything and nothing, she is unique (The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1998). The pumpkins and flowers are one of her iconic motifs, which she likes to paint using polka dots and nets. She was often called by paparazzi while living in New York Polka Dot girl (Switchedonart.com, 2010; Gagosian Gallery, 2010). Main themes of her works have always been Infinity, partly due to her disease, which she has been fighting all of her life, and partly due to her philosophy of art and life. Philosophy, which is in my opinion had been influenced by traditional Japan philosophy, Japan culture and mentality. All of this surrounded her since her childhood and had a huge impact on her life and art work, even if she does not want to recognize this fact. In one of her interviews she said that she has never been influenced and inspired by anything, but in practice it is almost impossible as the whole world affect us and our creativity (Kusama, 2007; Bomb Magazine, 2010). In year 1973 Yayoi returned to Japan. Since then she is living in hospital, still creating unique pieces of art and trying to fight her disease (The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1998). COMPARING. To prove my initial argument about inspiration of contemporary graphic design artists of Japan by traditional Japanese masterpieces Ukiyo-e from end of 18th beginning of 19th century I decided to compare work of Katsushika Hokusai 36 views of mount Fuji: The South Wind Dispels the Clouds and work of Kenya Hara MUJI Horizon (Uyuni Salt Lake; poster). 36 views of mount Fuji by Hokusai Katsushika is a series of woodblock prints where the Fuji Mountain is portrayed from different viewpoints. The particular painting I have chosen is named The South Wind Dispels the Clouds it is regarded not only as Hokusais masterpiece, but the masterpiece of art among all Japanese woodcut prints. The mountain on this picture symbolized tranquility, equanimity, spirituality, stability, harmony, balance as the mountain is still and the life around it flows without stresses and live all problems and questions behind. You can find there place without fear and doubts; you can find your soul up in the mountain. Hokusai creates a mist of soft clouds which are dispelled by the wind as a symbol of the disappearance of all the extraneous thought and lives you in a state of meditation. The artist uses soft pastel colour and russet tones to high light the softness of clouds. The simple diagonal composition with a lot of space around mountain personifies the mai n idea of a picture harmony and emptiness as an idea of endless possibilities. (Fahr-Becker, pp. 99-109) The project Muji horizon by Kenya Hara is a series of posters which took the artist to the Mongolian prairies and Bolivian salt lakes, where photographer Tamotsu Fujii captured these memorable billboard images of emptiness and possibility. And this idea of emptiness and possibility is a design philosophy of Kenya Hara. I have chosen this work because it is also a series like 36 views of mount Fuji by Hokusai Katsushika. In this poster we can find a small figure on an empty landscape as symbol of a soul seeking for harmony and balance. As if in the work of Hokusai you already have found the balance and tranquility, but on the poster of Kenya Hara you are on the way to that calmness and harmony. The composition is again very simple and static as on the 36 views of mount Fuji, but it is horizontal, and the presence of space is valuable. The idea of emptiness and possibility is very important to Hara and comparing these two works we can defiantly say that Hara is inspired by the philosop hy and work of traditional Japanese art masters. (Dezeen, 2010) To prove my argument I also would like to compare two other works, which are in contrast are not that obviously alike. For my second analyses I have chosen Woman Playing a Poppin by Kitigawa Utamaro and The Polka Dots by Yayoi Kusama. Woman Playing a Poppin by Kitigawa Utamaro. We can see, like almost always, beautiful women playing on Poppin, which was obviously some traditional Japan musical instrument. Woman has a typical Japan face, hair and dress, which is portrayed with using a pattern. Woman is showed to us in normal everyday life. The composition is simple and vertical; we can see just a woman, nothing more without any other details. It is very harmoniously. The drapery of dress softly creates a nice, playful line. The face is very calm and is portrayed in very easy way, just line. The line is very important in this kind of prints. I think, by the idea of artist, the first thing you see is a pattern and dress and only later the face. (Fahr-Becker, pp. 173-230) On picture by Yayoi Kusama The Polka Dots we can see self-portrait where she is using a pattern of polka dots everywhere, on wall, on chair, even to her dress to show that same pattern unifies everything together into one seamless and harmonious element. It is her obsession, same like an obsession of Utamaro with beautiful women bijin ga and with patterns too, which he used on dresses and not just on them. We can see calm and peaceful expression of her face, like on Utamaros woman. The composition is very similar too, it is simply and vertical. In the work by Yayoi Kusama we can also see the line as a one of the main structural elements on the picture, but in contrast with Utamaros picture it is hidden within the dance of polka dots. As on the Woman Playing a Poppin by Kitigawa Utamaro, in the work of Kusama first we see the pattern and only later we recognize the face of the lady presented on the picture. So, it is seem like Yoayami was somehow inspired by Japanese traditional art. May be it is not that obvious like in the Kenyas Hara works but probably she was also inspired by the traditional Japanese prints, and even though it is hard to see the spirit of tradition can be found in her so modern and Pop art works. (Kusama, 2007) CONCLUSION. In the process of the research I have deepen my knowledge about history of Japan, culture, traditions, Japanese traditional art and Japanese Prints of 18-19 century Ukiyo-e. I have discovered amazing Japanese painters, found out more about their life, career, work, habits, obsessions and art path. One of the most entertaining parts of my work has been exploring different techniques and methods, which were used by the painters in Japan. In the process of my study I learned what were the main themes and trends which were popular among painters of Ukiyo-e in the end of 18th century and beginning of 19th century. The same I can say about the second part of my study. I discovered many talented and sophisticated contemporary Japanese designers and other artists. I have become acquainted with a lot of new names in the field of contemporary graphic design, with their art works. From this long list of interesting artists and designers I have chosen two absolutely different creators. I was introduced to the new beautiful complicated astonishing world of their ideas and philosophy. In particular I was amazed by the works, ideas and concepts of Kenya Hara, which are very close to my perception of perfect concept for the successful, functional and outstanding design. This person has become one of my tutors not only in my creative life, but also in my life path. As a conclusion of my work I would like to express my opinion on the inspiration of contemporary graphic designers by the traditional Japanese art. I was convinced by all the facts that the traditional Japanese masterpieces as Japanese history culture and religion have huge impact on the inspiration and creativity of contemporary graphic designers. I am sure that many of Japanese designers are inspired by the traditional art and philosophy, consciously or unconsciously. And even if some of them would not admit it we still can find a elusive elements and more in the techniques, using of colour, motifs, themes and etc. Nowadays in the beginning of 21 century we are still admired and inspired by old master pieces, their perfection, deep meaning and philosophical question which are raised in them. So, how the contemporary graphic design would look like in a 22 century when artists would be inspired by us, and if they would?

Comparison of Death of a Salesman and The Glass Menagerie Essay

Example: I asked Gina to accept my hand in marriage. She then smiled and as I awaited her response, her face appeared to diffuse just as leisurely as a dinner candle that is dripping its’ melting wax onto the fibers of an Egyptian, cotton tablecloth. The sentence example preceding this paragraph can be perplexing to any reader when any additional details are not given that describe the context in which this sentence has been written. Devoid of any transition in the opening sentence of this paper, the audience may not be able to discern whether the actions in the sentence are real or part of a dream or some alternate reality. As any author or playwright attempts to transition his story from one reality to an alternate reality, it is his responsibility to noticeably or inconspicuously guide his audience into the next scene or alternate reality of the story. Not doing so can lead the audience into confusion and misperception of the intentions of the author. Playwrights Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller have both similar and contrasting ways in which they apply their non-realistic techniques, with the purpose of elucidating any transitions from the stage or script to the intended audience. Subsequently I will explain my examination, both comparatively and contrastively, of Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman along with Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie and each playwright’s application of non- realistic technique. The first major transition in Death of a Salesman transpires as the main character, Willy Loman, is imagining that his teenage sons, though now both in their 30’s are washing his fairly new Chevy automobile. The audience... ...Miller’s non-realistic approach was abstract and metaphoric, while Williams’ non-realistic approach was conveyed as a memory of certain times and places with events and actions that did happen. I have a personal affection and admiration for the abstruse but I’d perhaps better receive the message in Death of a Salesman by witnessing the story on stage or on film. I admire the straightforward approach that Tennessee Williams took in writing The Glass Menagerie. Williams’ approach allowed for easier reading on paper. My eyes and mind now instinctively move toward the future. Works Cited Miller, Arthur. "Death of a Salesman." 1949. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 8th ed. Vol. E. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2012. Print. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. New York: New Directions Publishing, 1945.

Education and Racism in the United States and Namibia :: Essays Papers

Education and Racism in the United States and Namibia Formal, lawfully shaped education is an intimate and delicate tool of human influence. It is therefore immeasurably dangerous. In light of our human history, no tool has been more effective at both propagating and dismantling national ideologies, often regardless of the content or meaning of what national ideology demands of its people. In the histories of the United States and southern Africa, formal education has been used to reinforce the political, social, economic and psychological effects of racism. Yet today, education is the prime tool of dismantling the consequences which racism begat. In studying human discrimination and aggression, systems of education become mouth pieces for power and authority. Investigating structures of education is key to understanding why things were the way they were, and why we are the way we are today. Understanding colonialism is fundamental in understanding why these two nations exist in this world the way they do. Both the United States and southern Africa share legacies of European colonists entering into land occupied by native peoples, and dominating these peoples through superior weaponry, disease, and doctrines of superiority; in short, through structures of racism. Today, in classrooms throughout Namibia and the United States, racism is a recognized and standard term of inequity and human injustice. In the States, racism â€Å"not only refers to personal prejudice toward people of other races, but also to the way that US institutions give power and privilege to white society while denying this same power and privilege to people of color† (SAN). In southern Africa, the modern understanding of racism is embodied in understanding the political movement of apartheid, and the legally enforced separation of non-whites from whites within society. The parallels between thes e two systems of human categorization and fundamental separation are startling; legally binding systems of racism developed into massive bodies of conflict and hate that stood firm until the 1960s. While South African apartheid was formally established as the law of the land in 1948, the same year saw the Civil Rights movement in the United States poised to grip the nation. At this point in time, the psychological effects of racism had turned into an enabling anger and resistance; people gradually were banding together to forcibly demand a new way of life. Segregating non-whites from whites, and offering whites better economic opportunity and improved education, effectively created societies of intense disparity along racial lines.