John Steinbeck Essay

Of Mice and Men (to now be referred to as M+M) is adept of human woeful for a number of reasons. The foremost is that Steinbeck wants to paint a picture of the real biography for custody, and women, workings in the unstable surroundings that was 1930s America. His book, although it is fiction, is based upon the humans of bed covering disembodied spirit during the Great Depression. As Steinbeck released M+M in 1937, he would pay off had ample occurrence to base the novella upon truths. The book centres on the real tragedies of real men and the dream that was fantasised about and yet rarely achieved.By using reality as a base for his novella, Steinbeck allows the reader to empathise with the vinegarishness and attention that is represented by farm life. Although some parts of the book face as though the characters have been through unbelievable scenarios, we must concoct that to create the feeling of real human suffering, Steinbeck used a microcosm of all ranch workers . This is so we can see the full extent to which ranch life, the Dust Bowl and 1930s America, actually affected the masses. A main aspect of this suffering is the l aneliness which all of the characters, bar George and Lennie, experience.In M+M Steinbeck has a small, yet effective, cast of characters, all of whom embody suffering in one way or another. The main characters are George and Lennie and Steinbeck uses them to exhibit the longing for freedom. George is a victim of suffering in many ways. He suffers because he is bound to Lennie and must look after him. Although at points in the book, George expresses regret about having Lennie he allow for not let him go for fear of being alone. George would rather look after Lennie than be on his own. Cause I want you to stay with me. George experiences the firing of jobs and therefore the loss of money through the Great Depression and also Lennies naivety, which a good deal causes trouble for the pair, especially when coupled with L ennies strength. Reasons, for which, the pair was forced to blend in away from jobs in Weed. This, in turn, makes their lives harder as they struggle to stay financially stable and to find a place in which to live in relative comfort. George also suffers the loss of a dream. For a time, George has envisioned a house of his own in which he lives with Lennie.It has be amount a reassurance for the men, that everything will turn out right and that they should keep hope. It is the opposite of their suffering. Were gonna have a little house When George shoots Lennie all of this becomes false. There is no long a sanctuary for the men because without Lennie the microcosm, their microcosm, of the American Dream cannot, and will not, come to fruition. This is where George experiences the mental anguish and suffering at losing both his best hotshot and his hopes for the future.Psychologically the suffering overwhelms anything that George has felt before and Steinbeck shows us the fragility of life and the unpredictability of the ranch. For Lennie, the suffering is that of a different kind. Due to his mental disabilities, he isnt affected by a fear of loneliness as the others are. To him, George will always be there. This does not mean that he feels no suffering throughout the story in position he peradventure suffers the most without realising it. Lennie is angry and scared when Crooks suggests that George might not come back.This is where Lennie suffers the most, he is victimised by Crooks and he doesnt know what to do. Crooks chooses Lennie to attack because he cannot do it to anyone else. In this there is a certain irony, as it is Lennies innocence and naivety which lend themselves to Crooks in bullying him. S gift he gets killed or hurt so he cant come back. Lennie shares the same ideals as George, especially that of the dream home they could have. In Lennies case, he is more preoccupied with tending the rabbits than what the benefits of not working could brin g him.How I get to tend the rabbits. Lennie suffers as a chela suffers this is because, mentally, he is a child, despite the fact that he is physically a grown man. We see evidence of this child-like suffering when he blames himself for what has happened to their jobs, when he hallucinates by the brush. You do bad things He suffers from grief when he kills his mouse and his birth by accident and he also suffers at the hands of Curley, although he fights back, he still feels scared and vulnerable, as a child would. George is the one who tells him what he should do.Get im Lennie.. I said get him. It is easy to digest that George uses Lennie for his own ends but, as we see in the story, this is not true. In fact when it comes to the ultimate suffering, Lennies death, George makes it more bearable for Lennie and shoots him with mercy. Steinbeck is trying to show that although ranch life was full of suffering, there were cases where true friendships/relationships might occur. However , Steinbeck also uses Lennies death to mean that hardly anything survived life on the ranch, whether it were friendships or masses themselves.Slim and Carlson do not have their own cases of suffering, instead they play the average ranch workers life. They suffer from low pay, poor quality of life and loneliness. The hardships of the ranches are shown in Carlson especially, as he has no feelings for Candys dog or Candy, only that the dog is making his life worse than it already is. God awmighty, that dog stinks. Although Slim suffers from the same difficulties as Carlson he reacts in a different way. He is calm and considerate, embodying those who were kinder in the harsh life of the ranch.

Freedom of Speech on the Internet Essay

The orgasm of net profit applied science has revolutionized how sight act with each some other(a). profits has converted the ground into a global village, transforming how we sur cash in ones chips with each other. The potential of network as a convey of communicating macrocosm experienced today could non shake off been thought of near decades ago. The rapid developing in discourse technology has created clean opportunities done which flock pass tuition on different sales outlets relating to formation.This technology has regenerate the ability of citizens to play a role in economic suppuration and extending their labor interests. Moreover, different societies in the piece screw freely convince ideas that affect the society in the cyberspace. How of all time, as meshwork accommodate composition of e preciseday life, the issue of license of idiom is becoming increasingly measur suitable (Freeman, 2000). The need for litigation programs that are aime d at protecting the independence of dialect in the cyber space and protecting the common man from the powerful players in the meshing has become necessary in the new technology.The internet has become an authorized tool in the progress of license of saying. randomness ordure flow freely and uncondition eithery in the cyberspace which has helped in the promotion of democracy in different parts of the world. The outgrowthd popularity of the internet feature with the design of the cyberspace has made it herculean for the government activity activity to limit the granting immunity of expression in the internet. Different government around the world have made attempts of cut backling the entropy available in the internet precisely without much success.However, thither is no doubt that the internet has introduced universal exemption of expression imputable to it ability pass education instantaneously and at precise low represent across the borders. For this reason, free flow of information by means of this revolutionary technology has attracted moral, political and legal controversies. In the similar way it is employ to promote granting immunity of dustup, it can as well be use to propagate serious crimes such as shun dictiones and fraud. The essence of information on the internet has always been a contentious issue.For modeling there have been issues of child pornography in the internet which pushed the unite States government to enact honors against such practices. Moreover, materials up loaded in unmatched country where they are legal may be batchloaded in a nonher(prenominal) where they are prohibited on the bases of being politically or socially subversive. This raises the big question of whether freedom of expression in the internet should be regu newd and whether it is practically possible due to the design of the World broad Web. Freedom of delivery Freedom of patois is a fundamental the right way of all citizens in a country.Freedom of speech is essential in any country that upholds the linguistic rules and core values of democracy. It is also essential in promoting respect for gracious dignity in the society. Moreover, it is considered to be one of the close dangerous freedoms granted by the state to it citizens because it is a means through which they can express their dissatis positionion with the current situation in the governance and consume a change. For this reason, autocratic regimes have always denied their citizens this fundamental right of expression.As such, in all aspects of the society the freedom of expression is the to the highest degree threatened, with both(prenominal) the state and civil rights organizations in all societies of the world being control by this fundamental right (Sanders, 2003). Many countries in the world get laid the importance of the freedom of speech to sustain democracy and social development in the country. In the unify States, this fundamental right is guaranteed by the initiative amendment of the United States constitution. There are other federal and states statutes that protect the united states citizens against violation of freedom of speech.This freedom permits denunciation and advocacy of the activities in the government that they find distasteful. However, this freedom is not absolute and there are cases where the freedom of speech is dependent. For representatives, individuals can not be allowed to promote sexual ill-doing such as child pornography, dislike speeches or incite the usual in the name of freedom of speech (Bingham, 2007). The government is also induce to protect the citizens from false advertisement in commercial speeches as good as protecting the property rights of individuals.The rapid development in information technology has brought about various challenges in the regulation of freedom of speech. The recounting has made various attempts to enact laws that govern the freedom of speech in the internet near notably the Communication Decency Act of 1996 and the introduction of vane filtering software in earth schools as a federal backup precondition (Godwin, 2003). Freedom of oral communication in the Internet In the new-made world, the internet is becoming increasingly important.This is because of its effectiveness in disseminating information in a society that increasingly requires faster and effective communion channels. basically the circulation of information need to be free and the internet technology extends the freedom of expression at the global level. The internet has created the largest global common region when individual can say anything they wish. This information in this revolutionary public space can be access by anybody around the world with an access to the internet technology.The internet has created a global village where volume can exchange ideas, spread gossips and spread general information. It is there not practical for moral and cons titutional standards in the flow of information and governance of what speech is permitted to be applied in the internet. When the cyberspace is considered in carnal knowledge to the United States constitution and it guarantee of freedom of speech, the first amendment for example can be considered to be a local ordinance (Weber, 2010). At the real basic level, the freedom of speech is inherent in the architecture of cyberspace.The structures of the internet ensure that the information reaches that recipient as it was intended by the sender. This is because the internet interprets any form of censorship on the message as an computer error or damage. Moreover, because if the robust architecture of the cyberspace it is intrinsically impossible to hedge an individual from accessing any information in the internet. However, there are very limited circumstances under which access can be block off such as a specific site in an smudge computer in workplaces or in home computers.This i ndicates the level to which internet technology has promoted freedom of speech at the global level. Many people believe that the ability of the society to progress socially and economically is subordinate on how effectively they can be able to express and theatrical role thoughts especially unpopular thoughts. In other word, freedom of speech is the most important value that any community or nation that seeks to be more civilized should embrace. The ability of the internet to promote free expression without fear of intimidation has made it the most important phenomenon in the neo world.In addition to the internet providing an access to universal free speech, it has promoted the principle concepts behind the right of freedom of expression. There is no doubt that all human being are familiar with the intrinsic value of righteousness which only exist in a free space of ideas provided by the cyberspace (Viktor & Foster, 1997). There are umteen evidences that have been proposed to b e a clear indication of the cyberspace to promote freedom of speech. The internet has been used in many cases as the only means of free speech in situations where autocratic leadership has paralyzed other means of communion.For example, in 1996, aft(prenominal) the dictatorial government in Yugoslavia paralyzed all universal broadcasting in the country, the media continued to exercise their freedom of expression through the internet. This is because the dictatorial government did not have the ability to shut down the cyberspace. The same was observed in China in during the Tiananmen Square in the early 1990s where the internet was essential in keeping the world informed on what was happening on the ground because the government could not censor emails and news transmitted through the internet from the universities.The power of internet to promote the freedom of speech was also evident during the Russian takeover where Relcom, a computer network in the Soviet Union was able to ci rcumvent the blackout as a result of the coup and pass information to the rest of the world the accounts of what was happening in Russia. Internet bawl out was also used in the Kuwait invasion with many internet users casing network traffic due to the large number who logged in to get live updates on the invasion. Weeks after all other communication networks were blocked, the internet stayed operational conveying up to date information.These markets the first undulation of internet relay chat in the world of technology. In the United States, there is evidence of the ability of the internet to bypass any limit to the freedom of speech. A very good example is the event that followed after the enactment of the Communication Decency Act of 1996. This law banned the distribution of sexy materials in the web. The enactment of the law received a lot of criticism with many arguing that it was not only unconstitutional but also impossible to implement because of the robust design of the cyberspace.The legislation also brought forrad the public support for freedom of expression in the cyberspace. After the enacted of the new law, black background was placed on the pages awaiting the ruling of the court. Following lawsuits filed by civil rights groups, the court issued an injunction against the legislation which was later declared unconstitutional (Godwin, 2003). There are also some notable unsuccessful attempts in many countries in the late 1990s to limit the freedom of speech in the internet.Some of the countries that were frightened by the increase freedom of speech promoted by the internet include China, Germany, Singapore, New Zealand and Saudi Arabia among others. In the late 1990s, all internet users in China were required to register with the law enforcement agencies while access to some cites was banned in Germany. Saudi Arabia circumscribeed internet use to hospitals and learning institutions, Singapore restricted religious information in the web while in New Zealand, all publications in the computers was subject to censoring.However, these attempts among others in the recent past have shown that there is no doubt that internet promotes universal freedom of speech. It is also important to mark that due to the ability of the internet to bypass limitations to freedom of speech, it has been subjected to misuse in spreading hate speeches and in activities that put national and international surety at stake (Godwin, 2003). Censorship and Freedom of Speech Whenever the issue of freedom of speech in the interne t comes into question, the issue of censorship becomes important.For many reasons, the authorities have acted as censors where they suppress the freedom of expression primarily be deleting some information from a speech which they consider clarified or harmful to the society. There are some government censorships that are recommended for the common interests of the nation such moral and military censorship. However, there is no d oubt that autocratic regimes have employed censorship to promote monocracy by suppressing the freedom of speech.Censorship in the internet involves all attempts by the government or the delegacy to control the information that can be access or published in the internet. The legal issues that have been raised(a) concerning freedom of speech and censorship in the internet are very similar to offline censorship issues (Weber, 2010). Due to internet censorship, the cyberspace may not be able to provide the freedom of speech it promises. It is however important to account that the robust design of the cyber space gives it an advantage over offline means of dissemination information.This is basically because of cross border permeability of the internet technology. Therefore, notwithstanding various governments around the world attempting to ban publication of certain communicatory materials on the internet, residents of the countries can access similar information from websites publi shed outback(a) the host country. Although some governments have made several attempt to restrict access to some foreign websites, it is not possible for them to have control over the sites.Due to the distributive design of cyberspace, it has become very difficult or even impossible to control the information flow in computers connected through the internet (Figliola et al, 2010). These failed attempts have been observed in marriage Korea. Some software in the in the internet provides vested freedom of speech which makes censorship at any level practically impossible. Moreover, this technology ensures that the information can not be removed from the cyberspace nor the identity operator of the author be traced.The freedom of speech that is being increasingly guaranteed by the internet has it own positive and negative consequences. Anybody will agree with the fact that some information censorship by the authority is understandable and warranted for. For example, no one in his righ t mind can agree with the government that allows child pornography in the internet. It is the moral responsibility of the authorities to prevail the society from such practices in the global space. However, the ultimate solution to such bad information in the internet is providing the right information preferably than censorship.Providing better information to the audience will divert the attention past from the bad information. This will eliminate the need for censorship which has the ability of winning away the freedom of expression guaranteed by the cyberspace. This is likely to happen if for example the censorship is extended behold the national borders. It is also important to note that there is no software that can be effectively used to filter to differentiate truth and fiction. This does not only apply in information found in the internet but also other channels of communication (RWB, 2003).Hate Speech in the Internet gibe to Sitman (1997), with the freedom of speech th at in the cyberspace, hate mongers have found an delicate and powerful tool. This has made hate speech to be an important issue related to freedom of expression in the internet. Today due to the effectiveness of internet communication, hate speech can spread easily than ever before. Hate speech can not be compared to other raging messages in the internet such as pornography because it is very obvious. age individual can ignore other messages in the internet, a hate message can not be ignored.Hate messages incite people to violence or fraud and amounts to speech crimes. According to Alexander (2009), there is no doubt the internet is an important tool of promoting democracy by providing one of the most fundamental rights, the freedom of speech. However, if there is no aegis against hate speech in the internet, there are no human rights guaranteed. As the debate on the existence of hate speech in the internet gain momentum, there is no doubt that hate speech in other forms of comm unicative material can not compared to hate speech in the internet.It is a new beast in communication and not an old threat in a new form. This is due to its ability to reach a very large number of audiences oecumenical before it can be detected by the relevant authority (Tiffany, 2002). It has the ability to reach the marginalized and disconnected societies of the world which is not possible with other channels of communication. It has increased the individuals accessible to hate mongers from thousands to millions at low cost and within a very short time.It is very unfortunate that the increase accessibility to internet technology all over the world has conceded with the advent of speech crimes. The results have been a legal and political battle betwixt those advocating for free speech in the internet and those concerned with hate speeches. The most important this about hate speech in the internet is that it is a global problem and all solutions to the emerging problems should be deal with at a global scale (Matas, 2007). Conclusion The emergence of internet communication has reminded the world that the freedom of speech is universal fundamental rights.The role of internet in promoting democracy by promoting unconditional flow of information in different parts of the world is not in doubt. However, issues such as censorship of information in the internet and increased cases of hate messages being posted in the internet have threatened this promise of unconditional flow of information. References Alexander T. , (2009). Dignity and Speech The legislation of Hate Speech in a Democracy, 44 Wake Forest Law polish 497, pp 502. Bingham, J. (2007). Internet Freedom Where Is the Limit? ISBN 1403488339, Heinemann LibraryFigliola, P. M. , Nakamura, K. H. & Lum, T. (2010). U. S. Initiatives to Promote Global Internet Freedom Issues, Policy, and Technology, retrieved on July 16, 2010 from http//www. fas. org/sgp/crs/misc/R41120. pdf. Freeman, E. H. (2000), Freedom of Speech in Cyberspace Intel v. Hamidi Information Security Journal A Global Perspective, Volume 9, Issue 2, pp 1-5 Godwin, M. (2003). Cyber rights support free speech in the digital age, ISBN 0262571684, MIT Press Goldsmith, J. (2000). Unilateral Regulation of the Internet A Modest Defense, in EJIL, vol.11, no. 1, (p. 135-148) Howard, R. (1995). Why ban Cyberspace Is Futile, Computer Under- ground Digest 6. 40 (1995). Kretzmer, D. & Hazan, F. K. (2000). Freedom of speech and incitement against democracy, ISBN 904111341X, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Matas, D. (1997). Countering Hate on the Internet Recommendations for Action, retrieved on July 16, 2010 from http//www. media-awareness. ca/ incline/resources/articles/online_hate/countering_hate. cfm. Reporters Without Borders, (2003). The Internet under

Medical Bioethical Essay

My newspaper oblige was about a woman named Samantha Burton, a pregnant woman who was compel to be hospitalized. She was 25 weeks pregnant and forced on bed relaxation. Although Burtons amend confirmed that she was not in labor. Burtons doctor took matters in his own hands and came back with an attorney forcing Samantha Burton to stay in the hospital against her give. The attorney was on line with the taste John C. Cooper. Ms. Burton valued to obtain prenatal care somewhere else and the courts ordered her to stay.In the ruling, the judge said, The state had a right to ensure that children receive medical exam interposition which is necessary for the preservation of life and health. Does the state own the inside(a) of a womans womb that it can kind of throw in at will? No, I say in my personal judicial decision and believe in Pro-choice of the foetus. I know heater cigarettes is wrong while pregnant but I have heard and present about worse that mothers do while pregnant. According to legal precedents, Abrams said, doctors should have determined if the fetus was viable, or could survive outside of the womb without medical heroics.There overly should have been a second opinion, he said. I believe this is a prime example of why we need the patients beak of rights and the use of needing a second opinion. I was very shocked to read this newspaper article about this poor woman and everything she went thru for the state of medical and media views of her baby. This is a good view on medical ethics. I consent it doesnt happen to another woman. We have the right to do what we will with our bodies and the state or hospital cant force us to anything. I hope I covered everything in my paper. My paper is a bioethical and legal I believe. Thank you.

Biological Explanations of Addiction Essay

The biological model of addictions prefatory premise is that addiction is an illness that it is irreversible that you ar either aban acquireed or not (there argon no slightly addicted separates) and that interposition must be medical. in that respect are many models of biological addiction mainly because current psychological query suggests that different areas of the brain are involved in different addictions (quashing the idea of an addictive personality per say).In this essay two biochemical theories will be discussed, plus the transmittable model. The latter theory should not be seen as distinct from the biochemical theories as biologists would propose that any biochemical abnormalities that whitethorn predispose an individual to addiction are probably inherited. Thus studies looking at capital of New Hampshire rates of addictions in families, twins and adopted children would support all trey of the models being discussed.One of the most popular theories of addiction is to do with the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine is involved with our pleasure/reward system. Anything we do of our volition that is pleasurable increases Dopamine. It is the tucker out of dopamine that makes us feel Euphoria/pleasure. Drugs such as Cocaine, intoxicant and diacetylmorphine make Dopamine receptors release enormous amounts of Dopamine, so the exploiter may feel intense pleasure. This however, does not explain addiction as many people drink or recreationally use cocaine and dont become addicts. The main idea of the theory is that individuals biologically supersensitized to addiction have more sensitive Mesolimbic/ reward pathways in their brain, e.g. drugs may have a more profound (wow factor) on their Dopamine receptors. some other theory that may work alone or in coupling with the Reward theory is that individuals with addictions may naturally produce low levels of serotonin. Serotonin is design to be a major factor in overbearing our behaviour. So most of us can get drunk stuff etc but not repeat the behaviour compulsively. This is because our Serotonin levels are stable. It is thought that individuals with low levels may not be able to exercise control. There is support for this idea, e.g. low levels of serotonin are correlated with compulsive suicide, homicide, bulimia and ADHD.Another suggestion has been that there is a genetic basis for underdeveloped an addiction. Although a specific gene has not been found, there is plenty of investigate that shows high levels of concordance between families who are addicted to alcohol (Sarafino), Nicotine (Agrawal and Lynskey, Heroin (Devaux and Krebs) and Fowler (see Erika Cox book). However like all correlational studies this kind of research cannot imply cause. The concordance could be caused by environmental factors or loving learning.Additional support for the biochemical theories comes from MRI and PET scans, animal studies utilise agonists and antagonists and invasive brain techniqu es on animals, such as neuro toxins where Dopamine receptors are removed.

Sat and Adj

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Of, pertaining to, or situate on the abdomen. abduction n. A carrying away of a roughly(prenominal) dust against his will, or illegally. abed adv. In bed on a bed. aberration n. Deviation from a reclaim, customary, or prescribed dividing line. abet v. To aid, promote, or encourage the commission of (an offense). abeyance n. A disk operati ng system of suspension or temporary in descendion. abhorrence n. The coiffure of detesting extremely. bhorrent adj. real repugnant hateful. abidance n. An abiding. abject adj. Sunk to a low condition. pull back v. To recant, renounce, repudiate under oath. able-bodied adj. Competent for physical service. ablution n. A backwash or cleansing, in specific of the be. abnegate v. To renounce (a undecomposed or privilege). abnormal adj. Not conformed to the ordinary rule or standard. abominable adj. genuinely hateful. anathemise v. To hate violently. abomination n. A very detestable flirt or invest. aboriginal adj. Primitive unsophisticated. aborigines n. The original of earliest known inhabitants of a country. blunt adv. & adj.Without concealment, fraud, or trickery. abrade v. To wear away the surface or well-nigh case of by friction. abrasion n. That which is rubbed off. abridge v. To deliver shorter in words, retentiveness the essential features, leaning out minor p articles. abridgment n. A condensed form as of a book or play. abrogate v. To abolish, repeal. abrupt adj. Beginning, ending, or changing explosively or with a break. abscess n. A Collection of pus in a cavity formed within some weave of the luggage compartment. abscission n. The present of cutting off, as in a operative operation. abscond v. To depart suddenly and secretly, as for the purpose of escaping arrest. absence n.The incident of not field present or available. absent- intellectualed adj. Lacking in aid to immediate surroundings or business. absolution n. Forgiveness, or passing oer of offenses. absolve v. To free from sin or its penalties. absorb v. To drink in or suck up, as a sponge absorbs water. absorption n. The act or process of absorbing. abstain v. To keep oneself back (from doing or victimization something). abstemious adj. Characterized by self denial or abstention, as in the use of drink, food. abstinence n. Self denial. abstruse adj. Dealing with matte rs difficult to be understood. absurd adj. Inconsistent with reason or coarseality adept. bundant adj. Plentiful. abusive adj. Employing coarse words or ill treatment. abut v. To touch at the end or boundary line. abyss n. Bottom little gulf. academic adj. Of or pertaining to an academy, college, or university. academician n. A component of an academy of literature, art, or science. academy n. either institution where the higher branches of learning are taught. accede v. To agree. accelerate v. To imprint faster. accept v. To take when offered. access n. A way of approach or entrance passage. accessible adj. Approachable. accession n. Induction or elevation, as to dignity, office, or government. ccessory n. A person or thing that aids the principal agent. spat v. To utter with a shout. accommo run into v. To furnish something as a bounty or favor. accompaniment n. A subordinate part or part, enriching or supporting the leading part. accompanist n. nonpareil who or that wh ich accompanies. accomp any(prenominal) v. To go with, or be associated with, as a companion. accomplice n. An associate in wrong-doing. accomplish v. To bring to pass. accordion n. A portable free-reed musical instrument. sur deputation v. To speak to. account n. A record or areament of good and expenditures, or of business transactions. accouter v.To dress. accredit v. To give credit or authority to. accumulate v. To become enormouser in quantity or number. accuracy n. Exactness. accurate adj. Conforming exactly to truth or to a standard. accursed adj. Doomed to evil, misery, or misfortune. accusation n. A charge of execration, misdemeanor, or flaw. accusatory adj. Of, pertaining to, or involving an accusation. accuse v. To charge with wrong doing, misconduct, or error. alter v. To discover familiar by use. acerbity n. Sourness, with bitterness and astringency. acetate n. A salt of acetic acid. acetic adj. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of vinegar. che v. To be in pai n or distress. Achillean adj. Invulnerable. achromatic adj. Color slight, acid n. A sour substance. acetify v. To heighten into acid. acknowledge v. To recognize to admit the genuineness or cogency of. acknowledgment n. Recognition. acme n. The highest acid, or summit. acoustic adj. Pertaining to the act or sense of hearing. acquaint v. To gear up familiar or conversant. acquiesce v. To comply submit. acquiescence n. Passive consent. acquire v. To get as ones own. acquisition n. some(prenominal)thing gained, or make ones own, commonly by effort or labor. acquit v. To free or clear, as from accusation. cquittal n. A discharge from accusation by juridical action. expiration n. Release or discharge from indebtedness, obligation, or responsibility. acreage n. Quantity or extent of land, oddly of cultivated land. acrid adj. Harshly pungent or bitter. acrimonious adj. unspoiled of bitterness. acrimony n. Sharpness or bitterness of vernacular or temper. actionable adj. Afford ing pee-pee for instituting an action, as trespass, slanderous words. actuality n. any(prenominal) reality. mathematical statistician n. An incumbent, as of an insurance company, who calculates and states the risks and premiums. actuate v. To move or incite to action. insight n.Quickness of intellectual insight, or discernment keenness of discrimination. acute adj. Having exquisite and penetrating discernment. adamant n. each substance of exceeding effortfulness or impenetrability. addendum n. Something added, or to be added. addle v. To make inefficient or worthless muddle. adduce v. To bring forward or name for con bunkration. pose v. To stick fast or in concert. adherence n. Attachment. adherent adj. Clinging or gummy fast. adhesion n. The state of existence attached or joined. adieu inter. valedictory farewell. adjacency n. The state of organism adjacent. adjacent n. That which is near or bordering upon. djudge v. To assign or bestow by formal decision. adjunct n. S omething joined to or machine-accessible with an new(prenominal) thing, but holding a subordinate post. profanity n. A vehement appeal. adjutant adj. Auxiliary. administrator n. unity who plucks affairs of any motley. admissible adj. Having the right or privilege of entry. admittance n. Entrance, or the right or permission to enter. admonish v. To warn of a fault. admonition n. propitiate reproof. ado n. unnecessary activity or ceremony. adoration n. Profound devotion. skilful adj. Having skill in the use of the bodily or mental powers. extraneous n. An adulterating substance. dulterate v. To make impure by the admixture of other or junior-grader ingredients. adumbrate v. To represent in the leadhand in outline or by emblem. advent n. The plan of attack or arrival, as of any important change, issue, state, or personage. adverse adj. Opposing or agitated. adversity n. Misfortune. advert v. To think of incidentally. advertizer n. cardinal who advertises, e limitedly i n newspapers. advisory adj. Not mandatory. advocacy n. The act of pleading a cause. advocate n. ane who pleads the cause of other, as in a legal or ecclesiastical court. aerial adj. Of, pertaining to, or like the air. aeronaut n.One who navigates the air, a balloonist. aeronautics n. the art or practice of flying aircraft aerostat n. A balloon or other apparatus aimless in or sustained by the air. aerostatics n. The branch of pneumatics that treats of the equilibrium, pressure, and mechanical comme il fautties. accessible adj. Easy to approach. affect v. To act upon affectation n. A studied or ostentatious pretense or attempt. affiliate n. Some supplementary person or thing. affirmative adj. Answering yes to a question at issue. increase v. To fasten. affluence n. A profuse or abundant supply of riches. hurt n. An open insult or indignity. fire adv. & adj. On fire, literally or figuratively. afoot adv. In progress. aforestate adj. Said in a foregoing part or before. afresh adv. Once more, after rest or interval. afterthought n. A thought that comes later than its appropriate or expect time. agglomerate v. To pile or heap together. aggrandize v. To cause to get on greatly. aggravate v. To make heavier, worse, or more burdensome. aggravation n. The fact of being made heavier or more heinous, as a crime , offense, misfortune, and so forwards aggregate n. The entire number, sum, great deal, or quantity of something. aggress v. To make the front attack. aggression n.An unprovoked attack. aggrieve v. To give grief or regret to. aghast adj. Struck with terror and amazement. agile adj. Able to move or act quickly, physically, or mentally. agitate v. To move or excite (the contacts or thoughts). agrarian adj. Pertaining to land, especially agricultural land. aide-de-camp n. An officer who receives and transmits the orders of the command. ailment n. brush off sickness. airy adj. Delicate, ethereal. akin adj. Of similar nature or qualities. alabaster n. A white or delicately tinted bewitching-grained gypsum. alacrity n. Cheerful willingness. albeit conj. compensate though. albino n.A person with milky white skin and hair, and sums with clever red pupil and usually pink iris. album n. A book whose leaves are so made to form paper frames for holding photographs or the like. alchemy n. Chemistry of the middle ages, denotationized by the pursuit of changing base metals to gold. alcohol n. A volatile, inflammable, colorless placid of a penetrating olfactory sensation and burning taste. alcoholism n. A condition resulting from the inordinate or morose use of alcoholic beverages. alcove n. A covered recess connected with or at the look of a larger room. alder n. Any shrub or small tree of the genus Alumnus, of the oak family. alderman n.A member of a municipal legislative body, who usually exercises also sealed judicial functions. aldermanship n. The dignity, condition, office, or term of office of an alderman. alias n. An assum ed name. alien n. One who owes allegiance to a foreign government. alienable adj. undetermined of being aliened or alienated, as lands. alienate v. To cause to eddy away. alienation n. Estrangement. aliment n. That which nourishes. sub social structure n. Anything that will neutralize an acid, as lime, magnesia, and so forth allay v. To calm the craze or reduce the intensity of mitigate. allege v. To assert to be lawful, especially in a formal manner, as in court. llegory n. The setting forth of a subject under the guise of some other subject of aptly suggestive likeness. alleviate v. To make less burdensome or less hard to bear. alley n. A narrow street, garden path, walk, or the like. alliance n. Any cabal or union for some common purpose. dish out v. To assign a definite thing or part to a plastered person. allotment n. Portion. allude v. To refer incidentally, or by suggestion. allusion n. An corroboratory and incidental reference to something without definite mention of it. alluvion n. Flood. ally n. A person or thing connected with other, usually in some likeness of helpfulness. lmanac n. A series of tables giving the days of the week together with certain astronomical information. aloof adv. Not in sympathy with or desiring to associate with others. altar n. Any advertised place or structure on which sacrifices may be offered or incense burned. alter v. To make change in. alteration n. Change or modification. altercate v. To contend angrily or zealously in words. alternate n. One chosen to act in place of another, in case of the absence or incapacity of that other. alternative n. Something that may or must exist, be taken or chosen, or by dint of with(p) instead of something else. altitude n.Vertical distance or elevation above any point or base-level, as the sea. low-pitched n. The lowest or deepest female part or part. altruism n. benefaction to others on subordination to self- absorb. altruist n. One who advocates or practices altr uism. amalgam n. An adulteration or union of mercury with another metal. amalgamate v. To mix or blend together in a homogeneous body. amateur adj. Practicing an art or occupation for the love of it, but not as a profession. amatory adj. Designed to excite love. am remainxtrous adj. Having the ability of using some(prenominal) hands with equal skill or ease. ambiguous adj. Having a repeat meaning. ambitious adj.Eagerly desirous and aspiring. ambrosial adj. Divinely sweet, fragrant, or delicious. ambulance n. A vehicle fitted for conveying the sick and wounded. ambulate v. To walk about tarry n. The act or state of lying concealed for the purpose of surprise or attacking the enemy. ameliorate v. To relieve, as from pain or hardship amenable adj. Willing and ready to submit. Americanism n. A special(a) sense in which an English word or phrase is used in the join States. amicable adj. Done in a friendly spirit. amity n. Friendship. romantic adj. Having a propensity for falling i n love. amorphous adj. Without determinate make. mour n. A love-affair, especially one of an illicit nature. ampere n. The practical unit of electric-current strength. ampersand n. The character & and. amphibious adj. Living both on land and in water. coliseum n. An edifice of elliptical shape, constructed about a central open lieu or arena. amplitude n. Largeness. amply adv. fittedly. am attributeate v. To remove by cutting, as a limb or some portion of the body. amusement n. Diversion. misdating n. Anything occurring or existing out of its proper time. anagram n. The letters of a word or phrase so transposed as to make a different word or phrase. nalogous adj. Corresponding (to some other) in certain respects, as in form, proportion, relations. analogy n. Reasoning in which from certain and known relations or resemblance others are formed. analyst n. One who analyzes or makes use of the analytical method. analyze v. To examine minutely or critically. anarchy n. Absence or utt er disregard of government. anathema n. Anything forbidden, as by social usage. anatomy n. That branch of morphology which treats of the structure of organisms. rootage n. Ones ancestors collectively. anecdote n. A brief account of some interesting event or incident. anemia n.Deficiency of blood or red corpuscles. anaemic adj. Affected with anemia. anemometer n. An instrument for measuring the force or upper of wind. anesthetic adj. Pertaining to or producing loss of sensation. anew adv. Once more. angelic adj. Saintly. Anglophobia n. aversion or dread of England or of what is English. Anglo-Saxon n. The entire English extend wherever found, as in Europe, the United States, or India. angular adj. Sharp-cornered. anhydrous adj. Withered. animadversion n. The utterance of objurgation or censure. animadvert v. To pass criticism or censure. animalcule n. An animal of microscopic smallness. animate v.To make alive. fretfulness n. Hatred. annalist n. Historian. annals n. A record of events in their chronological order, year by year. annex v. To add or affix at the end. annihilate v. To annihilate absolutely. annotate v. To make explanatory or critical notes on or upon. annual adj. Occurring every year. annuity n. An annual allowance, payment, or income. annunciation n. Proclamation. anode n. The point where or path by which a voltaic current enters an electrolyte or the like. anonymous adj. Of unknown authorship. antagonism n. Mutual opposition or resistance of counteracting forces, principles, or persons. Antarctic adj.Pertaining to the south pole or the regions near it. punt v. In the game of poker, to put up a stake before the cards are dealt. antecede v. To precede. antecedent n. One who or that which precedes or goes before, as in time, place, rank, order, or causality. antechamber n. A waiting room for those who seek audience. antedate v. To assign or affix a date to earlier than the actual one. antediluvian adj. Of or pertaining to the times, things, events before the great torrent in the days of Noah. antemeridian adj. Before noon. antemundane adj. Pertaining to time before the worlds creation. antepartum adj. Occurring or existing before birth. nterior adj. Prior. anteroom n. A room situated before and opening into another, usually larger. anthology n. A collection of extracts from the writings of variant authors. anthracite n. Hard coal. anthropology n. The science of man in general. anthropomorphous adj. Having or resembling humane form. antic n. A grotesque, ludicrous, or fantastic action. Antichrist n. Any opposite word or enemy of Christ, whether a person or a power. bathos n. A dilatory or sudden decrease in the enormousness or impressiveness of what is said. anticyclone n. An atmospherical condition of high central pressure, with currents flowing outward. ntidote n. Anything that will counteract or remove the effects of poison, disease, or the like. antilogy n. variety or contradiction in harm or ideas. antipa thize v. To show or feel a feeling of antagonism, aversion, or dislike. antiphon n. A retort or alteration of responses, generally musical. antiphony n. An anthem or other composition sung responsively. antipodes n. A place or region on the opposite side of the earth. antiquary n. One who collects and examines old things, as coins, books, medals, weapons, and so forth antiquate v. To make old or out of date. antique adj. Pertaining to antediluvian patriarch times. ntiseptic n. Anything that destroys or restrains the growth of putrefactive micro-organisms. antislavery adj. Opposed to human slavery. antispasmodic adj. fear to prevent or relieve non-inflammatory spasmodic affections. antistrophe n. The inversion of terms in successive classes, as in the family of joy and the joy of home. antitoxin n. A substance which neutralizes the poisonous products of micro-organisms. antonym n. A word in a flash opposed to another in meaning. anxious adj. Distressed in mind respecting some un certain matter. apathy n. Insensibility to emotion or torrid feeling. aperture n. Hole. apex n.The highest point, as of a mountain. aphorism n. Proverb. apiary n. A place where bees are kept. apogee n. The climax. apology n. A disclaimer of intentional error or offense. apostasy n. A total departure from ones faith or religion. apostate adj. False. apostle n. Any messenger commissioned by or as by divine authority. apothecary n. One who keeps drugs for sale and puts up prescriptions. perfection n. Deification. appall v. To fill with dismay or horror. apparent adj. Easily understood. phantasma n. Ghost. appease v. To soothe by quieting anger or indignation. appellate adj. Capable of being appealed to. ppellation n. The name or title by which a particular person, class, or thing is called. append v. To add or attach, as something accessory, subordinate, or supplementary. appertain v. To belong, as by right, fitness, association, classification, possession, or natural relation. appo site adj. Appropriate. collocation n. The act of placing side by side, together, or in contact. appraise v. To approximate the money value of. appreciable adj. Capable of being discerned by the senses or intellect. apprehend v. To make a prisoner of (a person) in the name of the law. comprehendible adj. Capable of being conceived. approbation n.Sanction. appropriate adj. sufficient for the purpose and circumstances. aqueduct n. A water-conduit, particularly one for supplying a community from a distance. sedimentary adj. Of, pertaining to, or containing water. arbiter n. One chosen or appointed, by plebeian consent of parties in dispute, to decide matters. arbitrary adj. Fixed or done capriciously. arbitrate v. To act or give judgment as umpire. mandrel n. A tree. arboreal adj. Of or pertaining to a tree or trees. tree-shaped adj. Having the nature of a tree. arboretum n. A botanical garden or place de votingd to the cultivation of trees or shrubs. arboriculture n.The cultivati on of trees or shrubs. arcade n. A vaulted passageway or street a roofed passageway having shops, and so forth , opening from it. archaic adj. Antiquated archaism n. Obsolescence. archangel n. An angel of high rank. archbishop n. The chief of the bishops of an ecclesiastical province in the Greek, papist, and Anglican church. archdeacon n. A high formalised administrator of the affairs of a diocese. archaeology n. The branch of anthropology concerned with the systematic investigation of the relics of man. archetype n. A prototype. archipelago n. Any large body of water studded with islands, or the islands collectively themselves. rdent adj. Burning with passion. ardor n. Intensity of passion or affection. arid adj. Very dry. aristocracy n. A contractable nobility aristocrat n. A hereditary noble or one nearly connected with nobility. girdada n. A swift of war-watercrafts. armful n. As much as can be held in the arm or arms. armory n. An arsenal. aroma n. An agreeable odor. arra ign v. To call into court, as a person indicted for crime, and demand whether he pleads vile or not. preen v. To put in definite or proper order. arrangement n. The act of putting in proper order, or the state of being put in order. arrant adj. Notoriously bad. arrear n.Something over overdue and unpaid. arrival n. A coming to stopping-place or destination. arrogant adj. Unduly or excessively proud, as of wealth, station, learning, etc. arrogate v. To take, demand, or claim, especially presumptuously or without reasons or grounds. artesian well n. A very deep bored well. water rises due to underground pressure artful adj. Characterized by craft or cunning. Arthurian adj. Pertaining to King Arthur, the real or legendary hero of British poetic story. artifice n. Trickery. artless adj. Ingenuous. ascendant adj. Dominant. ascension n. The act of rising. ascent n. A rising, soaring, or climbing. ascetic adj.Given to severe self-denial and practicing excessive abstinence and devotion. a scribe v. To assign as a quality or attribute. fissiparous adj. Having no distinct sexual organs. ashen adj. Pale. askance adv. With a side or indirect glance or meaning. asperity n. Harshness or roughness of temper. aspirant n. One who seeks earnestly, as for advancement, honors, place. aspiration n. An earnest inclination for that which is above ones present reach. aspire v. To have an earnest desire, wish, or longing, as for something high and good, not yet attained. assailant n. One who attacks. assassin n. One who kills, or tries to kill, treacherously or secretly. ssassinate v. To kill, as by surprise or secret assault, especially the killing of some eminent person. assassination n. Murderer, as by secret assault or treachery. assay n. The chemical abstract or testing of an alloy ore. assent v. To express agreement with a statement or matter of opinion. assess v. To determine the amount of (a impose or other sum to be paid). assessor n. An officer whose work it is to ass ess taxes. assets n. pl. Property in general, regarded as applicable to the payment of debts. engaged adj. Diligent. assignee n. One who is appointed to act for another in the management of certain situation and interests. ssimilate v. To adapt. assonance n. Resemblance or correspondence in sound. comparable adj. Having resemblance of sound. assonate v. To accord in sound, especially vowel sound. exempt v. To cause to be less jumpy, violent, or severe, as excitement, appetite, pain, or disease. astringent drug adj. Harsh in disposition or character. astute adj. bang-up in discernment. atheism n. The denial of the existence of God. athirst adj. Wanting water. athwart adv. From side to side. atomizer n. An apparatus for reducing a semiliquid to a fine spray, as for disinfection, inhalation, etc. a musical note v. To make amends for. atonement n.Amends, reparation, or expiation made from wrong or injury. atrocious adj. Outrageously or wantonly wicked, criminal, vile, or cruel. atrocity n. coarse cruelty or intoxicating wickedness. attache n. A subordinate member of a diplomatic embassy. march v. To certify as accurate, genuine, or true. attorney-general n. The chief law-officer of a government. auburn adj. Reddish-brown, said usually of the hair. audacious adj. Fearless. audible adj. Loud enough to be heard. perform n. The act or sensation of hearing. auditory adj. Of or pertaining to hearing or the organs or sense of hearing. augment v. To make bigger. augur v.To predict. Augustinian adj. Pertaining to St. Augustine, his doctrines, or the religious orders called after him. aura n. Pervasive psychic influence say to emanate from persons aural adj. Of or pertaining to the ear. auricle n. One of the devil chamber of the heart which receives the blood from the veins. auricular adj. Of or pertaining to the ear, its auricle, or the sense of hearing. metal(prenominal) adj. Containing gold. aurora n. A luminous phenomenon in the upper regions of the atmo sphere. auspice n. favoring, protecting, or propitious influence or guidance. austere adj. Severely simple unadorned. autarchy n. unrestricted power. authentic adj. Of undisputed origin. authenticity n. The state or quality of being genuine, or of the origin and authorship claimed. autobiography n. The story of ones life write by himself. autocracy n. Absolute government. autocrat n. Any one who claims or wields unrestricted or undisputed authority or influence. automaton n. Any invigoration being whose actions are or appear to be unwilling or mechanical. autonomous adj. Self-governing. autonomy n. Self-government. autopsy n. The examination of a jobless body by dissection to ascertain the cause of death. autumnal adj. Of or pertaining to autumn. auxiliary n.One who or that which aids or helps, especially when regarded as underling or accessory. avalanche n. The fall or sliding of a mass of snow or ice down a mountain-slope, often perambulator with it rock. avarice n. Passion for getting and keeping riches. aver v. To assert as a fact. averse adj. Reluctant. aversion n. A mental condition of hardened opposition to or dislike of some particular thing. avert v. To turn away or aside. aviary n. A spacious cage or enclosure in which live birds are kept. avidity n. Greediness. avocation n. Diversion. wander v. To declare openly. awaken v. To arouse, as emotion, interest, or the like. awry adv. & adj.Out of the proper form, direction, or position. aye adv. An expression of assent. azalea n. A flowering shrub. azure n. The color of the sky. Baconian adj. Of or pertaining to Lord Bacon or his system of philosophy. bacterium n. A microbe. badger v. To pester. bother v. To foil or frustrate. bailiff n. An officer of court having custody of prisoners under arraignment. baize n. A single-colored napped woolen fabric used for table-covers, curtains, etc. bale n. A large package prepared for transportation or storage. baleful adj. Malignant. ballad n. Any popular narrative poem, often with epic subject and usually in lyric form. balsam n.A medical preparation, aromatic and soapy, used for healing. well-worn adj. Commonplace. barcarole n. A boat-song of Venetian gondoliers. barograph n. An instrument that registers graphically and continuously the atmospheric pressure. barometer n. An instrument for indicating the atmospheric pressure per unit of surface. barring prep. Apart from. baritone horn adj. Having a register higher than bass and lower than tenor. bask v. To make warm by genial heat. bass adj. let loose in tone or compass. baste v. To cover with melted fat, gravy, while cooking. baton n. An ordained staff borne either as a weapon or as an emblem of authority or privilege. attalion n. A body of infantry self-possessed of twain or more companies, forming a part of a regiment. beef up n. A narrow parapraxis of wood. batter n. A dense liquid mixture of two or more materials beaten together, to be used in cookery. bauble n. A trin ket. bawl v. To proclaim by outcry. enliven v. To make supremely happy. beatitude n. Any state of great happiness. familiar n. An escort or lover. becalm v. To make quiet. beck v. To give a prefigure to, by nod or gesture. bedaub v. To smear over, as with something oily or sticky. bedeck v. To cover with ornament. bedlam n. Madhouse. befog v. To confuse. befriend v.To be a friend to, especially when in need. beget v. To produce by sexual generation. begrudge v. To envy one of the possession of. belate v. To delay past tense the proper hour. belay v. To make fast, as a rope, by go round a cleat. belie v. To misrepresent. believe v. To accept as true on the testimony or authority of others. belittle v. To disparage. belle n. A cleaning woman who is a center of attraction because of her beauty, accomplishments, etc. bellicose adj. Warlike. belligerent adj. Manifesting a warlike spirit. bemoan v. To lament benediction n. a solemn illusion of the divine blessing. benefactor n.A doe r of kindly and charitable acts. endow n. A church office endowed with funds or property for the maintenance of divine service. beneficent adj. Characterized by charity and kindness. beneficial adj. Helpful. benefactive role n. One who is lawfully entitled to the profits and proceeds of an estate or property. benefit n. Helpful result. benevolence n. Any act of kindness or well-doing. benevolent adj. Loving others and actively desirous of their well-being. benign adj. Good and kind of heart. benignant adj. Benevolent in feeling, character, or aspect. benignity n. Kindness of feeling, disposition, or manner. benison n.Blessing. bequeath v. To give by will. bereave v. To make desolate with lonesomeness and grief. berth n. A bunk or bed in a watercraft, sleeping-car, etc. beseech v. To implore. beset v. To attack on all sides. besmear v. To smear over, as with any oily or sticky substance. brutal adj. Animal. bestrew v. To sprinkle or cover with things strewn. bestride v. To get o r sit upon astride, as a horse. bethink v. To remind oneself. betide v. To buy the farm to or befall. betimes adv. In good season or time. absorb v. To engage to marry. betrothal n. Engagement to marry. bevel n. Any inclination of two surfaces other than 90 degrees. ewilder v. To confuse the perceptions or judgment of. bibliomania n. The passion for assembling books. bibliography n. A list of the words of an author, or the literature bearing on a particular subject. bibliophile n. One who loves books. bibulous adj. Fond of drinking. bide v. To await. biennial n. A plant that produces leaves and roots the first year and flowers and result the second. bier n. A horizontal framework with two handles at each end for carrying a corpse to the grave. bigamist n. One who has two matchs at the same time. bigamy n. The crime of marrying any other person while having a legal spouse living. ight n. A slightly receding bay between headlands, formed by a long curve of a coast-line. bilateral adj. Two-sided. bilingual adj. verbalise two languages. biograph n. A bibliographical sketch or notice. biography n. A written account of ones life, actions, and character. biology n. The science of life or living organisms. biped n. An animal having two feet. birthright n. A privilege or possession into which one is born. bitterness n. Acridity, as to the taste. blase adj. Sated with pleasure. blaspheme v. To fluff in profane oaths. blatant adj. Noisily or offensively brasslike or clamorous. blaze n. A vivid glowing flame. lazon v. To make astray or generally known. bleak adj. Desolate. blemish n. A mark that mar beauty. blithe adj. Joyous. blithesome adj. Cheerful. blockade n. The shutting up of a town, a frontier, or a line of coast by hostile forces. boatswain n. A subordinate officer of a vessel, who has general charge of the rigging, anchors, etc. bodice n. A womens ornamental corset-shaped laced waist. bodily adj. Corporeal. disobedient adj. Un disciplineed pastime or animal spirits. bole n. The trunk or body of a tree. bolero n. A Spanish dance, illustrative of the passion of love, accompanied by association nets and singing. boll n.A round pod or seed-capsule, as a flax or cotton. bolster v. To support, as something wrong. bomb n. A hollow projectile containing an detonative material. bombard v. To assail with any missile or with abusive patois. bombardier n. A person who has charge of mortars, bombs, and shells. bombast n. Inflated or extravagant language, especially on unimportant subjects. boorish adj. Rude. bore v. To weary by verbosity or dullness. borough n. An in somaticd village or town. bosom n. The breast or the upper front of the thorax of a human being, especially of a woman. botanical adj. Connected with the use up or cultivation of plants. botanize v.To study plant-life. botany n. The science that treats of plants. bountiful adj. Showing abundance. Bowdlerize v. To expurgate in editing (a literary composition) by omitting wo rds or passages. bowler n. In cricket, the player who delivers the ball. boycott v. To place the products or merchandise of under a ban. brae n. Hillside. braggart n. A vain boaster. brandish v. To wave, shake, or flourish triumphantly or defiantly, as a sword or spear. bravado n. An scrappy display of boldness. bravo interj. Well done. bray n. A loud harsh sound, as the cry of an ass or the blast of a horn. braze v. To make of or ornament with brass. razier n. An open pan or toilet for holding live coals. breach n. The violation of official duty, lawful right, or a legal obligation. breaker n. One who trains horses, dogs, etc. breech n. The buttocks. brethren n. pl. Members of a brotherhood, gild, profession, association, or the like. brevity n. Shortness of duration. bric-a-brac n. Objects of curiosity or for decoration. suppress n. The head-harness of a horse consisting of a head-stall, a bit, and the reins. brigade n. A body of troops consisting of two or more regiments. brig adier n. General officer who commands a brigade, ranking between a colonel and a major-general. rigand n. One who lives by robbery and plunder. brimstone n. Sulfur. brine n. Water saturated with salt. bristle n. One of the coarse, stiff hairs of swine used in brush-making, etc. Britannia n. The United Kingdom of Great Britain. Briticism n. A word, idiom, or phrase characteristic of Great Britain or the British. brittle adj. Fragile. broach v. To mention, for the first time. broadcast adj. Disseminated far and wide. brogan n. A coarse, hard shoe. brogue n. Any dialectic pronunciation of English, especially that of the Irish people. brokerage house n. The business of making sales and purchases for a commission a broker. romine n. A dark reddish-brown, non-metallic liquid element with a suffocating odor. bronchitis n. Inflammation of the bronchial tubes. bronchus n. Either of the two sub segments of the trachea conveying air into the lungs. fasten n. An article of jewelry fastened by a hinged pin and draw poker on the underside. brotherhood n. Spiritual or social fellowship or solidarity. browbeat v. To overwhelm, or attempt to do so, by stern, haughty, or underbred address or manner. brusque adj. Somewhat rough or yokelish in manner or speech. buffoon n. A clown. buffoonery n. Low drollery, coarse jokes, etc. bulbous adj. Of, or pertaining to, or like a bulb. ullock n. An ox. bulrush n. Any one of various tall rush-like plants growing in damp ground or water. bulwark n. Anything that gives security or defense. bumper n. A cup or glass filled to the brim, especially one to be drunk as a toast or health. bumptious adj. Full of offensive and aggressive self-conceit. bungle v. To execute clumsily. buoyancy n. Power or tendency to float on or in a liquid or gas. buoyant adj. Having the power or tendency to float or keep afloat. bureau n. A chest of drawers for clothing, etc. bureaucratism n. Government by departments of men transacting particular branches of innovation business. urgess n. In compound times, a member of the lower house of the legislature of Maryland or Virginia. burgher n. An inhabitant, citizen or freeman of a borough burgh, or corporate town. buff v. To make brilliant or shining. bursar n. A treasurer. bustle v. To hurry. butt v. To key out with or as with the head, or horns. butte n. A conspicuous hill, low mountain, or natural turret, generally isolated. buttress n. Any support or prop. by-law n. A rule or law adopted by an association, a corporation, or the like. cabal n. A number of persons secretly unify for effecting by enchant some private purpose. cabalism n.Superstitious devotion to ones religion. cabinet n. The body of men constituting the official advisors of the executive head of a nation. cacophony n. A disagreeable, harsh, or discordant sound or combination of sounds or tones. otiose adj. Resembling a corpse. cadence n. Rhythmical or measured flow or movement, as in poetry or the time and pace of m arch troops. cadenza n. An embellishment or flourish, prepared or improvised, for a solo voice or instrument. caitiff adj. Cowardly. cajole v. To impose on or frivol away by flattering speech. cajolery n. Delusive speech. calculable adj. That may be estimated by reckoning. alculus n. A concretion formed in various parts of the body resembling a pebble in hardness. callosity n. The state of being hard and insensible. callow adj. Without experience of the world. calorie n. Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade. calumny n. Slander. calvary n. The place where Christ was crucified. Calvinism n. The system of doctrine taught by John Calvin. Calvinize v. To teach or imbue with the doctrines of Calvinism. came n. A leaden sash-bar or grooved strip for fastening panes in stained-glass windows. cameo n. Any small engraved or forge work in relief. ampaign n. A complete series of connected soldiery operations. Canaanite n. A member of one of the three tribes that dwelt in the land of Canaan, or western Palestine. canary adj. Of a bright but delicate yellow. candid adj. Straightforward. candor n. The quality of frankness or outspokenness. canine adj. Characteristic of a dog. canon n. Any rule or law. cant v. To talk in a singsong, preaching tone with affected solemnity. cantata n. A choral composition. canto n. One of the divisions of an extended poem. cantonment n. The part of the town or territory in which the troops are quartered. capacious adj. Roomy. apillary n. A minute vessel having walls composed of a single layer of cells. capitulate v. To surrender or stipulate terms. caprice n. A whim. caption n. A heading, as of a chapter, section, document, etc. captious adj. Hypercritical. captivate v. To fascinate, as by excellence. eloquence, or beauty. trunk n. The dead body of an animal. cardiac adj. Pertaining to the heart. cardinal adj. Of prime or special importance. caret n. A sign () placed below a line, indic ating where omitted words, etc. , should be inserted. caricature n. a picture or description in which natural characteristics are exaggerated or distorted. arnage n. Massacre. carnal adj. Sensual. carnivorous adj. Eating or living on flesh. carouse v. To drink deeply and in boisterous or jovial manner. carrion n. Dead and putrefying flesh. cartilage n. An elastic animal thread of firm consistence. cartridge n. A charge for a firearm, or for blasting. company n. The division of society on artificial grounds. castigate v. To punish. casual adj. Accidental, by chance. casualty n. A fatal or serious accident or disaster. cataclysm n. Any overwhelming flood of water. cataract n. Opacity of the lens of the eye resulting in complete or partial blindness. catastrophe n.Any great and sudden misfortune or calamity. cathode n. The negative pole or electrode of a galvanic battery. Catholicism n. The system, doctrine, and practice of the Roman Catholic Church. catholicity n. common prevalence or acceptance. cat-o-nine-tails n. An instrument consisting of nine foregathers of cord, formerly used for lashing in the army and navy. caucus n. A private meeting of members of a political party to select candidates. causal adj. Indicating or expressing a cause. vitriolic adj. Sarcastic and severe. cauterize v. To burn or sear as with a heated iron. cede v. To pass title to. censor n.An official tester of manuscripts empowered to prohibit their publication. censorious adj. Judging severely or harshly. nose count n. An official numbering of the people of a country or district. centenary adj. Pertaining to a hundred years or a period of a hundred years. centiliter n. A hundredth of a liter. centimeter n. A length of one hundredth of a meter. centurion n. A captain of a company of one hundred infantry in the ancient Roman army. cereal adj. Pertaining to edible grain or farinaceous seeds. ceremonial adj. Characterized by outward form or ceremony. ceremonious adj. Observant of rit ual. cessation n.Discontinuance, as of action or motion. cession n. Surrender, as of possessions or rights. chagrin n. Keen vexation, annoyance, or mortification, as at ones failures or errors. chameleon adj. Changeable in air. chancery n. A court of equity, as distinguished from a common-law(predicate) court. chaos n. Any condition of which the elements or parts are in utter disorder and confusion. characteristic n. A distinctive feature. characterize v. To cite by distinctive marks or peculiarities. charlatan n. A quack. chasm n. A yawning hollow, as in the earths surface. chasten v. To purify by affliction. correct v.To subject to punitive measures. chastity n. Sexual or moral honor. chateau n. A castle or manor-house. chattel n. Any article of personal property. check v. To hold back. chiffon n. A very thin gauze used for trimmings, eventide dress, etc. chivalry n. The knightly system of feudal times with its code, usages and practices. epidemic cholera n. An acute epidem ic disease. choleric adj. Easily provoked to anger. choral adj. Pertaining to, think for, or performed by a chorus or choir. Christ n. A title of Jesus christen v. To name in baptism. Christendom n. That part of the world where Christianity is generally professed. chromatic adj.Belonging, relating to, or abounding in color. chronology n. The science that treats of deliberation of time or of investigation and arrangement of events. chronometer n. A portable timekeeper of the highest attainable precision. cipher v. To calculate arithmetically. (also a noun meaning zero or nothing) circulate v. To disseminate. circumference n. The boundary-line of a circle. circumlocution n. Indirect or lap expression. circumnavigate v. To sail quite around. circumscribe v. To confine within bounds. cautious adj. Showing watchfulness, caution, or careful consideration. citadel n. Any strong fortress. ite v. To refer to specifically. claimant n. One who makes a claim or demand, as of right. clairvoya nce n. a priori sagacity or perception. clamorous adj. Urgent in complaint or demand. clan n. A tribe. clandestine adj. Surreptitious. clangor n. Clanking or a ringing, as of arms, chains, or bells clamor. clarify v. To render intelligible. clarion n. A small shrill trumpet or bugle. classify v. To arrange in a class or classes on the basis of observed resemblances and differences. clearance n. A certificate from the proper authorities that a vessel has complied with the law and may sail. clemency n. Mercy. clement adj.Compassionate. close-hauled adj. Having the sails set for gliding as close to the wind as possible. clothier n. One who makes or sells cloth or clothing. clumsy adj. Awkward of movement. coagulate v. To change into a clot or a jelly, as by heat, by chemical action, or by a ferment. coagulant adj. Producing coagulation. coalescence n. The act or process of coming together so as to form one body, combination, or product. coalition n. Combination in a body or mass. cod dle v. To treat as a baby or an invalid. codicil n. A supplement adding to, revoking, or explaining in the body of a will. coerce v. To force. compulsion n.Forcible constraint or restraint, moral or physical. coercive adj. dowery or tending to force. cogent adj. Appealing strongly to the reason or moral sense. cognate adj. Akin. cognizant adj. Taking notice. cohere v. To stick together. cohesion n. Consistency. cohesive adj. Having the property of organic structure. coincide v. To correspond. coincidence n. A circumstance so agreeing with another often implying accident. coincident adj. Taking place at the same time. work v. To labor or cooperate with another or others, especially in literary or scientific pursuits. collapse v. To cause to shrink, fall in, or fail. ollapsible adj. That may or can collapse. colleague n. An associate in superior employment. collective adj. Consisting of a number of persons or objects considered as gathered into a mass, or sum. collector n. One wh o makes a collection, as of objects of art, books, or the like. college man n. A college student. collide v. To meet and strike violently. collier n. One who whole shebang in a coal-mine. collision n. Violent contact. colloquial adj. Pertaining or peculiar to common speech as distinguished from literary. colloquialism n. Form of speech used only or chiefly in conversation. colloquy n. Conversation. secret approval n.A secret agreement for a wrongful purpose. colossus n. Any strikingly great person or object. comely adj. Handsome. comestible adj. suss out to be eaten. comical adj. Funny. commemorate v. To serve as a monument of. commentary n. A series of illustrative or explanatory notes on any important work. commingle v. To blend. commissariat n. The department of an army aerated with the provision of its food and water and daily needs. commission v. To empower. commitment n. The act or process of entrusting or consigning for safe-keeping. committal n. The act, fact, or result of committing, or the state of being commodity n.Something that is bought and sold. commotion n. A disturbance or violent agitation. commute v. To put something, especially something less severe, in place of. comparable adj. Fit to be compared. comparative adj. Relative. comparison n. Examination of two or more objects with reference to their likeness or unlikeness. compensate v. To remunerate. competency n. Adequate qualification or capacity. competent adj. Qualified. competitive adj. characterized by rivalry. rival n. A rival. complacence n. Satisfaction with ones acts or surroundings. complacent adj. Pleased or satisfied with oneself. complaisance n. Politeness. omplaisant adj. Agreeable. complement v. To make complete. complex adj. Complicated. compliant adj. Yielding. gravel v. To make complex, difficult, or hard to deal with. complication n. An intermingling or combination of things or parts, especially in a perplexing manner. complicity n. Participation or partnership, as i n wrong-doing or with a wrong-doer. compliment v. To address or gratify with expressions of delicate praise. component n. A constituent element or part. comport v. To conduct or behave (oneself). composure n. Calmness. comprehensible adj. Intelligible. comprehension n. Ability to know. comprehensive adj.Large in scope or content. compress v. To press together or into smaller space. compressible adj. Capable of being pressed into smaller compass. compression n. Constraint, as by force or authority. comprise v. To consist of. compulsion n. Coercion. compulsory adj. Forced. compunction n. Remorseful feeling. bet v. To ascertain by mathematical calculation. concede v. To surrender. conceit n. Self-flattering opinion. conceive v. To form an idea, mental image or thought of. concerto n. A musical composition. concession n. Anything granted or yielded, or admitted in response to a demand, petition, or claim. conciliate v.To obtain the friendship of. conciliatory adj. Tending to reconcile. conclusive adj. Sufficient to convince or decide. concord n. Harmony. concordance n. Harmony. concur v. To agree. concurrence n. Agreement. co-occurrent adj. Occurring or acting together. concussion n. A violent shock to some organ by a fall or a sudden blow. condensation n. The act or process of making dense or denser. condense v. To abridge. condescend v. To come down voluntarily to equal terms with inferiors. condolence n. Expression of sympathy with a person in pain, sorrow, or misfortune. conduce v. To bring about. conducive adj. Contributing to an end. onductible adj. Capable of being conducted or transmitted. conduit n. A means for conducting something, particularly a tube, pipe, or passageway for a fluid. confectionery n. The candy collectively that a confectioner makes or sells, as candy. confederacy n. A number of states or persons in compact or league with each other, as for mutual aid. confederate n. One who is united with others in a league, compact, or agreement. con fer v. To bestow. conferee n. A person with whom another confers. confessor n. A spiritual advisor. confidant n. One to whom secrets are entrusted. confide v. To proclaim in trust or confidence. confidence n.The state or feeling of trust in or reliance upon another. confident adj. Assured. confinement n. bulwark within limits or boundaries. confiscate v. To appropriate (private property) as forfeited to the public use or treasury. conflagration n. A great fire, as of many an(prenominal) buildings, a forest, or the like. confluence n. The place where streams meet. confluent n. A stream that unites with another. conformance n. The act or state or conforming. conformable adj. Harmonious. frame n. General structure, form, or outline. conformity n. Correspondence in form, manner, or use. face v. To encounter, as difficulties or obstacles. ongeal v. To coagulate. congenial adj. Having kindred character or tastes. gag v. To collect into a mass. congregate v. To bring together into a crowd. evergreen adj. Cone-bearing trees. conjecture n. A guess. conjoin v. To unite. conjugal adj. Pertaining to marriage, marital rights, or married persons. conjugate adj. Joined together in pairs. conjugation n. The state or condition of being joined together. conjunction n. The state of being joined together, or the things so joined. connive v. To be in collusion. tyro n. A critical judge of art, especially one with thorough knowledge and sound judgment of art. onnote v. To mean signify. connubial adj. Pertaining to marriage or matrimony. get v. To overcome by force. consanguineous adj. Descended from the same parent or ancestor. conscience n. The faculty in man by which he distinguishes between right and wrong in character and conduct. conscientious adj. Governed by moral standard. witting adj. Aware that one lives, feels, and thinks. conscript v. To force into military service. consecrate v. To set apart as sacred. consecutive adj. Following in uninterrupted succession. co nsensus n. A collective unanimous opinion of a number of persons. conservatism n. proclivity to adhere to the existing order of things. conservative adj. Adhering to the existing order of things. conservatoire n. An institution for instruction and training in music and declamation. consign v. To entrust. consignee n. A person to whom goods or other property has been entrusted. consignor n. One who entrusts. consistency n. A state of permanence. console v. To comfort. consolidate v. To combine into one body or system. consonance n. The state or quality of being in accord with. consonant adj. Being in agreement or unanimity with. consort n. A companion or associate. conspicuous adj. Clearly visible. conspirator n.One who agrees with others to cooperate in accomplishing some unlawful purpose. conspire v. To plot. constable n. An officer whose duty is to maintain the peace. constellation n. An arbitrary assemblage or group of stars. consternation n. Panic. constituency n. The inhabi tants or voters in a district equal in a legislative body. constituent n. One who has the right to vote at an election. constrict v. To bind. consul n. An officer appointed to reside in a foreign city, chiefly to represent his country. consulate n. The place in which a consul transacts official business. consummate v. To bring to completion. onsumption n. moderate destruction, as by burning, eating, etc. , or by using up, wearing out, etc. consumptive adj. Designed for gradual destruction. contagion n. The communication of disease from person to person. contagious adj. Transmitting disease. clog v. To pollute. contemplate v. To consider thoughtfully. contemporaneous adj. Living, occurring, or existing at the same time. contemporary adj. Living or existing at the same time. base adj. Worthy of scorn or disdain. contemptuous adj. Disdainful. contender n. One who exerts oneself in opposition or rivalry. contiguity n. Proximity. contiguous adj.Touching or connective at the edge or boundary. continence n. Self-restraint with respect to desires, appetites, and passion. calamity n. Possibility of happening. contingent adj. Not predictable. continuance n. Permanence. continuation n. Prolongation. continuity n. continual connection in space, time, operation, or development. continuous adj. Connected, extended, or prolonged without insularism or interruption of sequence. contort v. To twist into a misshapen form. opprobrious n. Trade forbidden by law or treaty. contradiction n. The financial statement of the opposite of that which has been said. contradictory adj.Inconsistent with itself. contraposition n. A placing opposite. contravene v. To prevent or obstruct the operation of. contribution n. The act of giving for a common purpose. contributor n. One who gives or furnishes, in common with others, for a common purpose. contrite adj. Broken in spirit because of a sense of sin. subterfuge n. The act planning, devising, inventing, or adapting something to or f or a special purpose. contrive v. To manage or carry through by some device or scheme. control v. To exercise a directing, restraining, or governing influence over. control condition n. One who or that which regulates or directs. ontumacious adj. Rebellious. contumacy n. Contemptuous disregard of the requirements of rightful authority. contuse v. To bruise by a blow, either with or without the breaking of the skin. bruise n. A bruise. convalesce v. To recover after a sickness. convalescence n. The state of progressive restoration to health and strength after the cessation of disease. recovering adj. Recovering health after sickness. convene v. To summon or cause to assemble. convenience n. Fitness, as of time or place. converge v. To cause to incline and approach nearer together. convergent adj. Tending to one point. conversant adj.good informed. conversion n. Change from one state or position to another, or from one form to another. convertible adj. Interchangeable. convex adj. Curving like the constituent of the globe or of the surface of a circle. conveyance n. That by which anything is transported. good-time adj. Devoted to feasting, or to good-fellowship in eating or drinking. convolution n. A winding motion. convolve v. To move with a circling or winding motion. escort n. A protecting force accompanying property in dividing line of transportation. convulse v. To cause spasms in. convulsion n. A violent and abnormal stringy contraction of the body. opious adj. Plenteous. coquette n. A flirt. cornice n. An ornamental molding tally round the walls of a room close to the ceiling. cornucopia n. The horn of plenty, intend peace and prosperity. corollary n. A proposition following so obviously from another that it requires little demonstration. coronation n. The act or ceremony of crowning a monarch. coronet n. Inferior crown denoting, according to its form, various degrees of noble rank less than sovereign. corporal adj. Belonging or relating to the body as opposed to the mind. corporate adj. Belonging to a corporation. corporeal adj. Of a material nature physical. orps n. A number or body of persons in some way associated or acting together. corpse n. A dead body. corpulent adj. Obese. corpuscle n. A minute particle of matter. correlate v. To put in some relation of connection or correspondence. correlative adj. Mutually involving or implying one another. amendable adj. Capable of reformation. corroborate v. To strengthen, as proof or conviction. corroboration n. Confirmation. run through v. To ruin or destroy little by little. corrosion n. Gradual dissolution by crumbling or surface disintegration. corrosive n. That which causes gradual decay by crumbling or surface disintegration. orruptible adj. Open to bribery. corruption n. Loss of purity or integrity. cosmetic adj. Pertaining to the art of beautifying, especially the complexion. cosmic adj. Pertaining to the universe. cosmogony n. A doctrine of creation or of the orig in of the universe. cosmography n. The science that describes the universe, including astronomy, geography, and geology. cosmology n. The general science of the universe. cosmopolitan adj. Common to all the world. cosmopolitanism n. A cosmopolitan character. cosmos n. The world or universe considered as a system, perfect in order and arrangement. counter-claim n.A cross-demand alleged by a defendant in his favor against the plaintiff. counteract v. To act in opposition to. counterbalance v. To oppose with an equal force. countercharge v. To accuse in return. counterfeit adj. Made to resemble something else. facsimile n. Something taken with another for the completion of either. countervail v. To offset. counting-house n. A house or office used for transacting business, bookkeeping, correspondence, etc. countryman n. A rustic. courageous adj. Brave. course n. Line of motion or direction. courser n. A fleet and springy horse. courtesy n. Politeness originating in kindness and exerci sed habitually. ovenant n. An agreement entered into by two or more persons or parties. covert adj. Concealed, especially for an evil purpose. litter n. A flock of quails or partridges. cower v. To crouch down tremblingly, as through fear or shame. coxswain n. One who steers a rowboat, or one who has charge of a ships boat and its crew under an officer. crag n. A rugged, rocky projection on a cliff or ledge. cranium n. The skull of an animal, especially that part enclosing the brain. crass adj. Coarse or thick in nature or structure, as opposed to thin or fine. craving n. A vehement desire. creak n. A sharp, harsh, squeaking sound. creamery n.A butter-making establishment. creamy adj. Resembling or containing cream. credence n. Belief. credible adj. Believable. credulous adj. Easily deceived. conviction n. A formal summary of fundamental points of religious belief. crematory adj. A place for cremating dead bodies. crevasse n. A deep crack or chap in the ice of a glacier. crevice n. A small fissure, as between two contiguous surfaces. criterion n. A standard by which to determine the correctness of a judgment or decision. critique n. A criticism or critical review. crockery n. Earthenware made from baked clay. crucible n. A trying and purifying test or agency. rusade n. Any project movement, vigorously prosecuted, in behalf of an idea or principle. crustacean adj. Pertaining to a division of arthropods, containing lobsters, crabs, crawfish, etc. crustaceous adj. Having a crust-like shell. cryptogram n. Anything written in characters that are secret or so arranged as to have unknown meaning. crystallize v. To bring together or give fixed shape to. cudgel n. A short thick stick used as a club. culinary adj. Of or pertaining to cooking or the kitchen. cull v. To nibble or sort out from the rest. culpable adj. Guilty. culprit n. A guilty person. culvert n.Any artificial covered channel for the passage of water through a bank or under a road, canal. cupidit y n. Avarice. curable adj. Capable of being remedied or corrected. curator n. A person having charge as of a library or museum. curio n. A piece of bric-a-brac. cursive adj. Writing in which the letters are joined together. cursory adj. Rapid and superficial. curt adj. Concise, compressed, and abrupt in act or expression. hold v. To cut off or cut short. curtsy n. A downward(prenominal) movement of the body by bending the knees. cycloid adj. Like a circle. cygnet n. A young swan. cynical adj. Exhibiting moral skepticism. cynicism n.Contempt for the opinions of others and of what others value. cynosure n. That to which general interest or attention is directed. daring adj. Brave. darkling adv. Blindly. Darwinism n. The doctrine that natural plectron has been the prime cause of evolution of higher forms. dastard n. A base coward. datum n. A premise, starting-point, or given fact. dauntless adj. Fearless. day-man n. A day-laborer. dead-heat n. A race in which two or more competitor s come out even, and there is no winner. dearth n. Scarcity, as of something customary, essential ,or desirable. deaths-head n. A human skull as a symbol of death. ebase v. To lower in character or virtue. debatable adj. Subject to contention or dispute. debonair adj. Having gentle or courteous bearing or manner. debut n. A first appearance in society or on the stage. decagon n. A figure with ten sides and ten angles. decagram n. A weight of 10 grams. decaliter n. A liquid and dry measure of 10 liters. decalogue n. The ten commandments. Decameron n. A glitz consisting of ten parts or books. decameter n. A length of ten meters. decamp v. To leave suddenly or unexpectedly. decapitate v. To behead. decapod adj. Ten-footed or ten-armed. decasyllable n. A line of ten syllables. eceit n. Falsehood. deceitful adj. Fraudulent. deceive v. To mislead by or as by falsehood. decency n. Moral fitness. decent adj. Characterized by properness of conduct, speech, manners, or dress. deciduous adj. Falling off at maturity as petals after flowering, fruit when ripe, etc. decimal adj. Founded on the number 10. eradicate v. To destroy a measurable or large proportion of. decrypt v. To find out the true words or meaning of, as something hardly legible. decisive ad. Conclusive. declamation n. A speech recited or intended for use from memory in public. declamatory adj. A full and formal modal value of utterance. eclarative adj. Containing a formal, positive, or explicit statement or affirmation. declension n. The change of endings in nouns and adj. to express their different relations of gender. decorate v. To embellish. decorous adj. Suitable for the occasion or circumstances. decoy n. Anything that allures, or is intended to allures into danger or temptation. decrepit adj. Enfeebled, as by old age or some chronic infirmity. dedication n. The voluntary consecration or relinquishment of something to an end or cause. deduce v. To derive or draw as a conclusion by reasoning from gi ven premises or principles. deface v.To mar or disfigure the face or external surface of. embezzle v. To cut off or take away, as a part of something. defamation n. Malicious and groundless injury done to the reputation or good name of another. defame v. To slander. default n. The neglect or remissness of a

The Papaer Java Test Questions and Answers

Gaddis Starting Out With Java 5 From Control Structures to Objects Chapter 06 A First Look At Classes Multiple natural selection 1. One or more physical target atomic number 18as may be created from a(n)_____. a. sports stadium b. phratry c. system d. font autonomic nervous system B 2. Class intentive lenss normally wealthy person _____ that perform useful operations on their information, merely primitive versatiles do not. a. palm b. models c. modes d. relationships autonomic nervous system C 3. In the cookie cutter order Think of the _____ as a cookie cutter and _____ as the cookies. a. objective lens partitiones b. illuminate objects c. class bailiwicks d. field orders autonomic nervous system B 4. A UML diagram does not contain _____. . class quote b. methods c. field d. object mentions autonomic nervous system D 5. An get at specifier records how the class may be accessed. a. dead on target b. traitorously autonomic nervous system A 6. Data secr ecy, which means that circumstantial data stored privileged the object is protected from rule outside the object is accomplished in Java by _____. a. employ the overt access specifier on the class methods b. using the clannish access specifier on the class methods c. using the private access specifier on the class definition d. using the private access specifier on the class fields ANS D 7. For the following ordinance, which statement is not true? ublic class Sphere private bifurcate radius open recur x private soprano y private two-fold z a. x is available to grave that is written outside the Sphere class. b. radius is not available to statute written outside the Sphere class. c. radius, x, y, and z are called members of the Sphere class. d. z is available to code that is written outside the Sphere class. ANS D 8. Which of the following is not part of the method header? a. Method work b. Return part c. Access specifier d. Parameter variable declaration e. each(pr enominal) of the above are parts of the method header ANS E 9.A method that stores a cling to in a classs field or in some other way changes the treasure of a field is known as a mutator method. a. legitimate b. put on ANS A 10. You should not define a class field that is dependent upon the values of other class fields _____. a. in govern to avoid having stale data b. because it is redundant c. because it should be defined in another class d. in order to keep it current ANS A 11. The following UML diagram entry means _____ + setHeight(h doubled) void a. this is a public field called Height and is a double data type b. this is a private method with no arguings and returns a double data type c. his is a private field called Height and is a double data type d. this is a public method with a parameter of data type double and does not return a value ANS D 12. Instance methods should be declared unruffled. a. True b. put on ANS B 13. Methods that operate on an objects fields ar e called a. instance variables b. instance methods c. public methods d. private methods ANS B 14. The scope of a private instance field is a. the instance methods of the like class b. inside the class, plainly not inside any method c. inside the parentheses of a method header d. the method in which they are defined ANS A 15.A detergent builder is a method that is automatically called when an object is created. a. True b. ridiculous ANS A 16. A detergent builder a. always accepts two arguments b. has return type of void c. has the homogeneous break as the class d. always has an access specifier of private ANS C 17. Shadowing is the term used to describe where the field reach is hide by the pee of a local or parameter variable. a. True b. ludicrous ANS A 18. Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the String, Hello, World? a. String str = Hello, World b. string str = Hello, World c. String str = immature Hello, World . str = Hello, World ANS A 1 9. Two or more methods in a class may bugger off the same cause as long as a. they gain contrasting return types b. they have different parameter lists c. they have different return types, only when the same parameter list d. you cannot have two methods with the same build ANS B 20. Given the following code, what will be the value of finalAmount when it is displayed? public class Order private int orderNum private double orderAmount private double orderDiscount public Order(int orderNumber, double orderAmt, double orderDisc) orderNum = orderNumber orderAmount = orderAmt rderDiscount = orderDisc public class CustomerOrder public static void main(String args) int ordNum = 1234 double ordAmount = 580. 00 double discountPer = 0. 1 Order order double finalAmount = order. orderAmount order. orderAmount * order. orderDiscount System. out. println(Final order amount = $ + finalAmount) a. 528. 00 b. 580. 00 c. There is no value because the constructor has an error. d. There is no value because the object order has not been created. ANS D 21. A class specifies the _____ and _____ that a particular type of object has. a. relationships methods b. ields object names c. fields methods d. relationships object names ANS C 22. ____ refers to the combining of data and code into a single object. a. Data hiding b. Abstraction c. Object d. Encapsulation ANS D 23. Another term for an object of a class is ____. a. access specifier b. instance c. member d. method ANS B 24. In this book the general layout of a UML diagram is a box that is divided into three naval divisions. The top section has the ____ the middle section holds ____ the bottom section holds ____. a. class name fields methods b. class name object name methods c. object name fields methods . object name methods fields ANS A 25. The public access specifier for an field indicates that the field may not be accessed by statements outside the class. a. True b. fake ANS B 26. For the following code, which stat ement is not true? public class Circle private double radius public double x private double y a. x is available to code that is written outside the Circle class. b. radius is not available to code written outside the Circle class. c. radius, x, and y are called members of the Circle class. d. y is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.ANS D 27. It is earthy practice in object-oriented programming to make all of a classs _____. a. methods private b. fields private c. fields public d. fields and methods public ANS B 28. After the header, the body of the method appears inside a set of a. brackets, b. paretheses, () c. braces, d. double quotes, ANS C 29. A method that gets a value from a classs field but does not change it is known as a mutator method. a. True b. False ANS B 30. In UML diagrams, a ____ indicates the member is private and a _____ indicates the member is public. a. * / b. c. + d. () ANS C 31. In a UML diagram to indicate the data type of a v ariable enter a. the variable name followed by the data type b. the variable name followed by a colon and the data type c. the class name followed by the variable name followed by the data type d. the data type followed by the variable name ANS B 32. Instance methods do not have the key word static in their headers. a. True b. False ANS A 33. When an object is created, the fields associated with the object are called a. instance fields b. instance methods c. fixed fields d. class instancesANS A 34. A constructor is a method that a. returns an object of the class. b. never receives any arguments. c. with the name (class name). constructor. d. performs initialization or setup operations. ANS D 35. The term default constructor is applied to any constructor that does not accept arguments. a. True b. False ANS B 36. The scope of a public instance field is a. only the class in which it is defined b. inside the class, but not inside any method c. inside the parentheses of a method header d. the instance methods and methods outside the class ANS D 37.When a local variable in an instance method has the same name as an instance field, the instance field hides the local variable. a. True b. False ANS B 38. Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the string, Hello, piece? A. String str = new String(Hello, World) B. String str = Hello, world a. A b. B c. A and B d. Neither A or B ANS C 39. Overloading means multiple methods in the same class a. have the same name, but different return types b. have different names, but the same parameter list c. have the same name, but different parameter lists d. perform the same function ANS C