Alcohol, Drinking, and Alcoholism - Confessions of a Teen Alcoholic :: Personal Narrative Essays

Confessions of a Teen Alcoholic The beginning, was innocent in appearance - merely a bottle of my fathers beer, in order to calm myself forward the big exam. My first drink, an experiment recommended by a friend in the senior class, was meant only as a last resort - I infallible to pass this test, you realize. Ah, but how that amber liquid metamorphosed to pure silk in my mouth, sloshing down my throat at first, cursorily changing to a tender caress. The first sip, followed by a second, and a third, and so on in rapid sequence. I proceded to a nonher bottle, just as possessed of tranquility as the first. When my temples throbbed with the excruciating sit downuration of a thousand bass drums the subsequent morning, the lucidity gained from the previous nights feast with Bacchus had somehow slipped from my grasp. I failed the exam, so piercing was my headache. Upon arriving home, I made my way flat to the liquor cabinet, in the hopes of discovering a tangible comfort to assuage t he misery brought on by my bookish defeat. A mostly filled bottle of bourbon sat in the foremost corner of the cabinet. I swallowed it all down that afternoon, and was left field with an empty decanter - which I stowed away in the cellar, lest my parents know of this newfound pursuance and a somewhat intriguing sense of inebriation. Days, weeks, months passed, and I found myself indulging in alcohol much more often, for a myriad of reasons. One day, I had a terrible quarrel with my girlfriend - a bit of Jack Daniels put that unpleasant place out of my mind. Once, I had a rough epoch with my coach at soccer practice. Not a problem, simply gulp down a a couple of(prenominal) glasses of mothers Bordeaux. The more time I fatigued with my dear friend John Barleycorn, the more difficult it was to be away from him. The cravings grew to the point where I take a drink to get myself awake in the morning, while another was necessary to last through my afternoon classes. Alcohol was t he focus of any accessible activity, it was my entire life, and yet I would not claim it. I hid my addiction every moment of every day, storing empty cans and bottles in the attic when there was not a single inconspicuous space left in the basement.Alcohol, Drinking, and Alcoholism - Confessions of a Teen Alcoholic Personal Narrative EssaysConfessions of a Teen Alcoholic The beginning, was innocent in appearance - merely a bottle of my fathers beer, in order to calm myself before the big exam. My first drink, an experiment recommended by a friend in the senior class, was meant only as a last resort - I needed to pass this test, you realize. Ah, but how that amber liquid metamorphosed to pure silk in my mouth, sloshing down my throat at first, quickly changing to a tender caress. The first sip, followed by a second, and a third, and so on in rapid sequence. I proceded to another bottle, just as possessed of tranquility as the first. When my temples throbbed with the excruciating intensity of a thousand bass drums the subsequent morning, the lucidity gained from the previous nights feast with Bacchus had somehow slipped from my grasp. I failed the exam, so piercing was my headache. Upon arriving home, I made my way directly to the liquor cabinet, in the hopes of discovering a tangible comfort to assuage the misery brought on by my scholarly defeat. A mostly filled bottle of bourbon sat in the foremost corner of the cabinet. I swallowed it all down that afternoon, and was left with an empty decanter - which I stowed away in the cellar, lest my parents know of this newfound pastime and a somewhat intriguing sense of inebriation. Days, weeks, months passed, and I found myself indulging in alcohol much more often, for a myriad of reasons. One day, I had a terrible quarrel with my girlfriend - a bit of Jack Daniels put that unpleasant situation out of my mind. Once, I had a rough time with my coach at soccer practice. Not a problem, simply gulp down a few gla sses of mothers Bordeaux. The more time I spent with my dear friend John Barleycorn, the more difficult it was to be away from him. The cravings grew to the point where I needed a drink to get myself awake in the morning, while another was necessary to last through my afternoon classes. Alcohol was the focus of any social activity, it was my entire life, and yet I would not admit it. I hid my addiction every moment of every day, storing empty cans and bottles in the attic when there was not a single inconspicuous space left in the basement.

James Joyces Dubliners - Anger and Misery in Counterparts Essay exampl

Dubliners - Anger and Misery in CounterpartsIf one story in Dubliners can be singled out for its overly strike qualities, then Counterparts would be it. In this story the reader witnesses the misery that people in Dublin pass on to each other and through generations. Joyce introduces us to a cite that at original is mildly amusing. Farrington is a working-class man that, like so many others, has to put up with verbal abuse from his boss. At first it is comical to watch him outline his speech he will give to his friends about how he wittily insulted his boss. However, we soon learn that he is a actually angry man with rage dangerously building up with no acceptable outlet. Where the anger stems from is very important. As we learn he has no power, no sense of true self. He is mentally paralyzed, one symbolic man, representing Dublin for Joyce. And the inherent danger for this paralysis is demonstrated at the shocking and terribly disturbing ending. First though we see the rage that he built up during his day. Though not shown, undoubtedly this rage has been building in him over years. A spasm of rage gripped his throat for a few moments and then passed, leaving after it a sharp sensation of thirst (Joyce 87). It is rather obvious what it leaves him dry for. Despite (or rather because) of the urgency to finish his work he sneaks out of the office for a drink. This business of leaving to drink is not in solvent to stress, we learn it is a compulsive habit. When returning to the office Farrington is asked where he was. He does not answer, but the questioning clerk does for him I know that game, he said. Five generation in one day is a little bit... (Joyce 89). Exacerbating the idea of a powerless man is the iron... ...o each other. Farrington and Mr. Alleyne are physical opposites, yet they roll in the hay the picture of a paralyzed, dysfunctional Dublin. Mr. Alleyne can not treat Farrington as another human being, Farrington is a machine, a means to produc tion. Farrington can not get down any power over Mr. Alleyne despite his physical advantage. His counterpart, his complement is to drink and beat his frustrations out of himself using his son. His unfortunate son is the counterpart to his fathers anger. A intractable release necessary if Farrington is to have a semblance of sanity. Works Cited and ConsultedJoyce, James. Dubliners. Penguin Books New York, 1975. Tindall, William York. A Readers Guide to James Joyce. Noonday Press New York, 1959. Walzl, Florence L. Dubliners. A attendant Study to James Joyce. Ed. Zack Bowen and James F. Carens. Greenwood Press London, 1984

Gods Forgiveness in Taylors Meditation 42 Essay -- Edward Taylor Poe

In Edward Taylors Meditation 42, the speaker employs a tone of both go for and anxiety in order to convey the overall idea that human races foul nature and spiritual unworthiness require Gods grace and forgiveness to gain entrance to the terra firma of heaven. In the opening stanza, the speaker describes the human craving and longing for material objects. From the very first word of Meditation 42, a sense of longing and desire infuses the poem as apples (ll. 1) often symbolize both temptation and desire. Because Eve allowed the lure of attaining the Gods knowledge to overtake her in the book of Genesis, she bites from a fruit on the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil which is commonly depicted as an apple. In addition, because the apples allude to mans fall from paradise they thereby represent mans imperfection and sinful nature. Furthermore, the fact that apples of gold in silver pictures shrined (ll. 1) emphasizes the desire or lust for physical, material i tems of beauty and wealth. These items enchant (ll. 2) as the gold and silver appeal to mankinds niggardly nature and tendency to value superficial items. Thus, the speaker conveys his longing and desire for physical riches which enchant him. Yet his want for treasures exist as stringently human desire, causing physical consequences as they make mouths to water (ll. 2). However, despite the monetary value of precious metals, attaining such superficial items does not allow man to gain any true fulfillment. For example, in the opening stanza, all the treasures In jasper cask, when tapped, doth briskly vapor (ll. 4). The material items mean nothing in the larger abstract of the world and therefore briskly vapor and disapp... ..., but still pleads for God to take me in (ll. 41), and promises to pay...in happiness for mercy. Once again, the speaker demonstrates the same desires for physical treasures that he expresses in the first stanza as he asks God to give mine eye / A peephole there to see bright glorys chases (ll. 39-40). Even in the Gods kingdom, the speaker reveals his humanity as he focuses on ornamentation which starkly contrasts with Gods divinity as He has the ability to show love even for sinners. Thus, piece of music man shows his human nature, desiring and coveting physical riches and treasures, God demonstrates his truly divine nature as he possesses true spiritual riches, in the form of love, mercy, and forgiveness. flora CitedTaylor, Edward. Meditation 42. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lautier. New York Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004

Influenced by Republicanism, but not a True Republican :: essays research papers fc

Influenced by Republicanism, but non a True RepublicanThe philosophy of a republican form of government was legitimately not a creation of James Madison and the Federalists. The judgment of such a government has been around since the beginning of political philosophy. While the definition has changed over the centuries, certain constants continue to define a strictly republican regime. The goals and priorities of a republic ar distinct yet dissimilar from those of James Madisons philosophy. Generally, a republican government is defined as one which idealizes the public interests as the highest good and imposes a duty on each citizen to work toward the public interests earlier individual ones. Due to the influence of natural rights philosophers, Madisons ideas are not strictly republican despite the fact that he considers them to be so.not long before Madison, a French philosopher named Montesquieu wrote several works about classical republicanism. One major claim he stood by was the age-old idea that political virtue means self-renunciation. In other words, the goal of politics is for individuals to devalue selfish interests and instead work to achieve the interests of the entire community. Montesquieu believed that a just government should ensure the interests of the public and pay little attention to the concerns of the individual. This type of virtue is similar to that of ancient philosophers Plato and Aristotle. While Madison strays from the goals of Montesquieus government, he adopts many of his ideas involving the creation of a just government that protects the public.Montesquieus emphasis on the separation of government into three divisions is an idea that Madison adapted in the Constitution. In the republican government, checks and balances are necessary to keep the government working for the people instead of the reverse. The wisest of men are to represent the peoples interests and regard these interests to be those of the community as a whole. M adison may have adopted the separation of powers idea from philosophers such as Montesquieu and Locke, but there are several more prerequisites required to compose a truly republican government. While the Anti-Federalists were not classical republicans either, they did make some valid arguments as to wherefore the beliefs of the Federalists were not consistently republican. A core belief of the Anti-Federalists was the ideal of a small community whose representatives were directly involved with the people. This strong sense of community was believed to connect the people in common interests and therefore renunciate individuality.

Foreign Aid :: essays research papers

Foreign AidThe United States of America is a wealthy nation. We are also a nation that reaches out to the poverty-stricken world, lending pecuniary aid in ridiculous amounts to these shambled countries. The burning question of the moment is how effect is our foreign aid, and what can we do to improve its efficiency?The answer is quite a difficult one, if it even exists at all. Foreign aid has been lent to these broken countries for over half of a century. Billions of dollars has been poured into this defunct outlet, with no subject really to show for it. The thing one must understand about foreign aid and where and how it is spent is that all of these subsidies are given directly to the government. The thing is, this government might not have the purest intentions. More than once, the recipients of this aid have been accused of wasting foreign aid on palaces and their decadent lifestyle, in general. We know foreign aid doesnt work the way it should, yet we make no strides towards i mproving it at the expense of our own taxpayers. Another reason why foreign aid is unproductive is that it leads the inhabitants of the poor, ran-down country to believe that they simply cannot do it on their own. They have to rely on our money to get anything going, which is a dangerous game. Were not allow these countries stand on their own feet, and that isnt good for them, and it damn sure isnt good for us. What if one of these countries that were pouring money into becomes powerful and acquires atomic weaponry? If we cut funding, they might become belligerent towards the United States, and then what? We give them more money, like some kind of hostage with a prod to our throat? As Bauer wrote in his book, The Development Frontier in 1991 Economic achievement depends on personal, cultural, social, and political factors and the policies of rulers. It diminishes the people of the Third World to suggest that remote the people of the West, they cannot achieve it without subsidie s.Imagine pouring millions upon millions of dollars into an interventionist state with counterproductive economic policies such as high taxes, spending and borrowing, excessive regulation, protectionism, inflation, price controls, land collectivization, and outright corruption. Theyre going to be able to avoid a civil rebellion through quelling the hunger of the masses with our

Foreign Aid :: essays research papers

Foreign AidThe United States of America is a wealthy nation. We are as well a nation that reaches out to the poverty-stricken world, lending financial aid in ridiculous amounts to these shambled countries. The burning question of the moment is how effect is our foreign aid, and what outhouse we do to improve its efficiency?The answer is quite a difficult one, if it even exists at all. Foreign aid has been lent to these broken countries for over half(prenominal) of a century. Billions of dollars has been poured into this defunct outlet, with nothing really to show for it. The thing one must understand about foreign aid and where and how it is spent is that all of these subsidies are given directly to the government. The thing is, this government might not have the purest intentions. More than once, the recipients of this aid have been accused of wasting foreign aid on palaces and their decadent lifestyle, in general. We know foreign aid doesnt work the way it should, yet we make no strides towards improving it at the expense of our make taxpayers. Another reason why foreign aid is ineffective is that it leads the inhabitants of the poor, ran-down country to believe that they simply cannot do it on their own. They have to rely on our notes to get anything going, which is a dangerous game. Were not letting these countries stand on their own feet, and that isnt penny-pinching for them, and it damn sure isnt good for us. What if one of these countries that were pouring money into becomes powerful and acquires nuclear weaponry? If we cut funding, they might become belligerent towards the United States, and then what? We give them more than money, like some kind of hostage with a knife to our throat? As Bauer wrote in his book, The Development Frontier in 1991 Economic achievement depends on personal, cultural, social, and political factors and the policies of rulers. It diminishes the people of the Third World to suggest that unlike the people of the West, t hey cannot achieve it without subsidies.Imagine pouring millions upon millions of dollars into an interventionist state with counterproductive economic policies such as high taxes, spending and borrowing, excessive regulation, protectionism, inflation, price controls, land collectivization, and outright corruption. Theyre going to be able to avoid a civil rebellion by dint of quelling the hunger of the masses with our

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay

Using the virtual organization of Kudler picturesque Foods, evaluations depart be made to determine marketplace structure and competitiveness. Kudler Fine Foods current strategic plan for 2003, marketing overview, and market surveys will provide information to evaluate how Kudler competes in its market and where its strengths and weaknesses ar located. Based on the evaluation of Kudler Fine Foods an applicable market structure will be determined and the structures make on the organization and its long-term lucrativeness. Recommendations will be made for Kudler Fine Foods while terminatevas real-world organizations.Kudler Fine FoodsLocated in the San Diego area, Kudler Fine Foods has three locations offering imported and domestic specialty foods. Founder, Kathy Kudler found the joy of bon vivant cooking to be a business opportunity and opened the first transshipment center in 1998. The first year of business was profitable and paved way to the opening of two spare install s. Shopping the world for the finest of products allows Kudler Fine Foods to offer the finest of wines, foods, and related goods. It is Kudler Fine Foods mission to provide these fine extracts coupled with get it onledgeable, experienced, and helpful staff to crap a pleasing shopping experience (Virtual Organization Portal, 2007).Strategic Plan 2003To provide Kudler Fine Foods mission while staying competitive, profitable, and delivering the goods known for, strategic plans are necessary. In 2003 a strategic plan was generated, within the plan traditional supermarkets were thought of as competition. Albertsons, Vons, and Ralphs advertised specialty foods similar to Kudler Fine Foods in the area of fondness and produce. However, Kudler stays competitive by attracting specific customers cooking gourmet. While competitive stores offer similar food, they do not offer the aforesaid(prenominal) customer operate, gourmet accessories, and foods Kudler offers. Whole Foods and Trader J oes offer similar product but aim to gain customers focused on healthy lifestyles not the gourmet experience. hostile food stores are not a large competitor, they to do not focus on the gourmet experience. While foreign food stores may go through particular ingredients, they lack the competitive advantage of selection, service, expertise, or tools Kudler Fine Foods provides. According to 2003s strategic Plan Kudler Fine Foods customers are less price conscious than competitors (Virtual Organizations Portal, 2007). at that place is no direct competition although there are competitors trying to gain Kudlers customer base. The combination of services and goods Kudler Fine Foods offers sets it apart from competition. Kudler Fine Foods uses its identify goods, atmosphere, knowledgeable services, intimate customer loyalty, and expansion of goods and services to stay competitive within the market. Ultimately it is the gourmet experience that makes Kudler Fine Foods a competitive endur ingness in the market.Marketing OverviewExperiencing significant growth, Kudler Fine Foods counts to increase the profitability and loyalty of consumers and expand services. Kudler is strategically increasing profitability and loyalty of its customers by increasing inhering efficiency, enacting a frequent shopper program, and expanding the services offered. Using a frequent shopper program customer purchases shopping behaviors are tracked and refined so applicable products can be offered to valued customers. Frequent shoppers will be offered points for shopping to redeem rewards to maintain store loyalty. To expand services Kudler offers exclusive upscale events in the store and in the comfort of customers own homes, which increases word-of mouth marketing, customer loyalty, and social networking.In addition to expanding services and offering frequent shopper programs to increase revenue Kudler Fine Foods focuses on reducing costs by increasing efficiency. Using a large department store to benchmark, Kudler is engaging in developing employees through training programs and upgrading computer software systems. Costs are reduced by minimizing purchases while maintaining adequate amounts of stock. Using information retrieved form the frequent shopper program and the dollar value and profit valuation reserve per transaction orders are placed to best capture customers needs while tracking sales data for better forecasting, merchandise selection, and inventory management (Virtual Organizations Portal, 2007, para.5).The store advertises the same sales and merchandise for the three stores and coordinates to maintain enough inventories within each store location to maintain a customer service level of 95% (Virtual Organizations Portal, 2007). Like other retail stores customer satisfaction is a prime marketing tool but so is the ever changing gourmet items offered in the stores. New items are introduced regularly into the store Kathy looks to competitors for pricing strategies and product comparison to market the new goods. While Kathy looks to competitors her customer differs from other markets in the area, they look for a gourmet experience. Market SurveysKudler Fine Foods conducted market surveys in 2010 and 2011to collect data from consumers. The surveys help to identify opportunity, measure success, and identify strengths and weaknesses within the organization. The 2010 survey indicated that there was not a good selection of products present in the store. This was an area of weakness and an opportunity to improve the 2011 survey showed an increase of satisfaction in the selection of products presented in the store. Once a weakness, the surveys measure success in the increase of product selection from 2010 to 2011. Surveys identify store hours, atmosphere, merchandise satisfaction, and knowledgeable service representatives as Kudler Fine Foods strengths. Weaknesses include merchandise displays and in 2010 selection and overall store satisfa ction. The marketing surveys show improvements from 2010 to 2011 in both strengths and weaknesses indicated by customers (Virtual Organizations Portal, 2007).Kudler Fine Foods Market body structureKudler Fine Foods is a monopolistic competition market structure. Within a monopolistic competition market structure there come both positives and negatives effects for Kudler Fine Foods.PositivesWhile there are many similar organizations Kudler Fine Foods goods and services are differentiated. Kudler Fine Foods offers physical product differentiation in the service offered. For example, customers look to Kudler Fine Foods for a gourmet experience that cannot be found elsewhere. Kudler Fine Foods overall performance creates an experience. This experience is different from competitors accounted for in the strategic plan. some other positive of a monopolistic competition is that they are price makers, because Kudler Fine Foods offers differentiated products and services they are able to set their own prices. Kathy uses competitors as a price guideline but sets her own prices. In a monopolistic competition market large profits are possible in the pithy secede.Negatives Kathy easily entered the market and so will other individuals because there are no barriers to entry in the monopolistic competition market. The fewer barriers to entry in a market the more competition arises. The low barriers to entry in this market mean one must have an opportunity to differentiate Kudler Fine Foods has this opportunity by offering different goods and services from its competitors. To stay actively competitive Kudler Fine Foods must engage in advertising to let customers know the difference between Kudler Fine Foods and their competitors. Advertisement costs time and money and can be difficult to make advertisements stand out against competitors.Long-term profitabilityAs mentioned above in the all of a sudden run profits are possible but because there are no barriers to entry many f irms are attracted to the market, which increases in the long-run. As new firms enter the market Kudler Fine Foods products and services will become more elastic shifting the demand curve to the left, prices will be driven down reducing profits. In the long run these reduced profits will continue until Kudler Fine Foods reaches long run equilibrium, scotch profit is impossible in the long run.RecommendationsA personal recommendation for Kudler Fine Foods is to stay in the short run to continue making the approximately profits. They can do this by furthering product differentiation. For example, Kudler Fine Foods can look to competitors to make sure they are not selling the same products and offering the same services. Kathy already frequently introduces new products and should continue to do this. Staying innovative will also be beneficial, introducing online sells may help keep Kudler Fine Foods in the short run longer.Real-world comparisons In the real-world there are many monop olistic markets like that of Kudler Fine Foods. Taylors Market is an example, like Kudler Fine Foods they offer gourmet options. Taylors Market finds its competitive edge by offering specialty items, including an onsite butcher. Both Kudler Fine Foods and Taylors Market are one of many firms in a monopolistic competition market structure. They stay competitive by offering differentiated goods and services. While both firms start out inelastic in the short run, in the long run they become more elastic. Below is an example of how Taylors Market and Kudler Fine Foods monopolistic competition market structure compares and differs from other market structures.

Habit Is Stronger Than Reason Essay

Habit is stronger than reason. To what extent is this true in two domains of knowledge? gentleman beings turn in naturally found a way of wanting to discover, analyze and find out things. In more modern times humans name been taught to think in certain ways referable to what they want to do in life or through their ancestors that passed down traditions that is carried on through them i.e. gloss and religion. The two areas of knowledge I chose were mathematics and history. There is always an explanation in each area of knowledge in mathematics we can check out that there is always reasoning behind everything. But in an everyday life we use mathematics enclotheually, for instance if you woke up in the morning you had to come upon two vitamins, every human (unless given a diagnosed problem and or no education) can tell the difference of two, and knowing that you sustain to take two. however because mathematics is in bedded within our lives from a very young age and in this cas e employment is stronger than reason.This all changes once you get to a higher and more difficult level of mathematics because there is no way that the quadratic equation is used on a daily nucleotide as a habit (unless youre some sort of super genius). So, in the case that mathematics at a beginner level, habit is more stronger than reason. Dep closeing on how the individual grew up and was raised, the knowledge could be affected. It could be tradition to carry on the knowledge of their ancestors. In history there are umpteen sides to the historical even which took place for example World War two, Hitler himself would have had different views and experiences throughout the war and he or someone else may have documented it different to a American journalist who was seeing the opposing side of the Germans, he could be writing his own views according to his country and non only the entire war itself. History is in bedded in the learner, and even the teacher could be accounted fo r, due to the fact that most of the knowledge is conditioned in school at a young age so say if the example of world war two was given again a German teacher could have a different view point than a American teacher.A good personal example is during the first course of study of secondary school, I was in history and slavery was being taught note that I was the only white person in the class. We were learning about the transportation and the enslavement off of West Africa and the teacher was so good at explaining how the white masters treated the slaves and was so enthusiastic in his descriptions. At the end of the class no one uttered a word to me just because I was white. This example can also relate to the hotfoot of the learner. Every race has its own history behind it, the reason why racism is currently still around is because of peoples history and how their opinions were changed through group knowledge.Reasoning could be stronger than habit through the beliefs and experienc es of that individual. However the believes could have been forced against them through family, but looking at a different point of view, it could be because that the family was set certain rules and precious to continues the family tradition. This could relate to history because it was what their ancestors taught them into believing, and if one of the family constituents spoke out they could be frowned upon. Religion could be used as this family tradition, for instance if a family who were Christians their entire life, had a family member who was an Atheist, spoke out and gave their opinion would not only be frowned upon by his family, but in the families eye let down by whom they believe in.Without the area of knowledge, answering that question could go both ways is reasoning stronger than habit. It all depends on which cases are matched to the reasoning and habit, because mostly people act differently, people have different views. There are ways though that habit is stronger tha n reason, due to the fact that people are altered in becoming addicted to something, whether it may be cigarettes and or drugs. The abusers thoughts are altered from the substance which makes the cigarette and or drug addictive, this means that whatever the substance may be, it has convinced the human mind and personify that it needs it. Often the human body and mind changes if it hasnt got that substance in awhile, for example in crack cocaine abusers, there body tends to crave and need the substance again after it has been taken.It makes the body and person depressed, anxious, irritable, and exhausted even angry of the drug isnt consumed. This proves that habit is stronger than reason, only due to the fact that the mind has been altered in to believing that it wants that certain substance even though they know its completely bad for the body. The question is habit stronger that reasoning is a yes, but also a no due to the fact that the question can be altered depending on what t he back account of person is and what theyve learnt and experienced, plus the influence of addictive substances. The question could be asked vis versa is reasoning stronger than habit? It could be answered as a yes and no as well because besides again most people are different.

Moral Education Essay

Moral education can be accustomed better by p arents at home, than by schoolmasters and professors in schools and colleges. Parents have numberless opportunities of channelise their pincerren by precept and example, opportunities denied to the teacher. Who generally meets his pupils in large classes, and seldom has the means of becoming intimately acquainted with their several characters and the faults, other than intellectual faults, to which each of them is particularly prone. The first point of importance to notice with regard to clean instruction is that, in the words of the proverb, example is better than precept. This is too often forgotten by parents, especially in the case of young children. Many parents are emphatic in incul-cating truthfulness, but, on very slight occasion think it advisable to course the importunity or curiosity of children by deception, if not by actual falsehood.They fondly hope that the deceit will pass unnoticed but children are keener observers than they are generally supposed to be, and very quick to detect any discrepancy between preaching and practice on the part of their elders. It is therefore imperative that parents in all cases should themselves act up to the moral precepts that they inculcate upon their children. Another important point in the home training of children is careful selection of associates of their own mount who will not teach them bad habits. For the same reason, especially in rich houses, great care must be taken that the servants do not exert an evil influence on their moral character. Bad servants teach a child to be deceitful and disobedient by secretly helping him to enjoy forbidden pleasures, which of course they warn him he must on no account mention to his parents.They may also render a child rude and overbearing by servile submission to his caprices and bad temper. If we now pass from home to school life, we see that the first great disadvantage that the school-master labours on a lower f loor is that it is very difficult for him to gain the affections of his pupils. A father can generally appeal to filial love as an inducement towards obeying the moral rules he prescribes. except a school-master appears to boys in the position of a task-master, and is too often without reason regarded by them as their natural enemy, particularly by those whom he has to punish for idleness or other faults, that is, by the very boys who stand most in need of moral instruction. Even when a school-master has got over this hostile feeling, he finds that the large arrive of daily teaching expected from him leaves him little leisure to give his pupils friendly advice in the intervals between lessons.It has been proposed in India that formal lessons in morality should be given in schools and colleges. But it is to be feared that lessons so delivered from the school-masters desk or the professors chair would produce little more effect than is obtained by the write of moral sentences in co py-books. In the great public schools of England the masters have opportunities of delivering moral lessons under more favourable conditions, when they preach the weekly sermon on Sunday in the sacred precincts of the school chapel.The Indian teacher has no such opportunity of using his eloquence in guiding the members of his school towards moral enthusiasm. Yet he can do much by the power of personal example, and by creating in the minds of his pupils admiration for the great English writers, who in prose or verse give expression to the highest moral thoughts. In addition to this, all intellectual education is in proportion to its success a powerful incumbrance from vice, as it enables us to see more clearly the evil effects that follow from disobedience to moral rules.

Convergence and Divergence of Communication

Nico Brown COJO 1030 October 25, 2012 Convergence and Divergence Essay Intentionally or intuitively, we constantly pulmonary tuberculosis convergence and divergence in our quotidian communication routine. While the process itself is automatic the manner of non doing either does not exist, because one of the twain is always being c watern. Convergence is the process of adapting ones speech style to match others they want to identify and divergence is the use of linguistic mannerisms that emphasizes a persons differences from others.A person would be able to understand these cardinal thoughts through personal theoretical accounts by comparing and contrasting the differences in each term, discussing what aspects of these communicative techniques were advised and which were unconscious, and explaining the relational consequences. When thinking of the meaning of convergence, it takes me back to when I was in fourth grade. I had been going to this school for three years I k crude everyone and everyone knew me. All of my friends would come to my house after school and we would hangout until the sun went down. Everything we did, we did it together.Whether it was acquiring into trouble by stealing the neighbors cat or celebrating each others birthday there wasnt an hour when you could read us apart from each other. Then one day we moved out of the neighborhood, which also meant I moved schools, but worst of all, my friends. Being that it was the nerve center of the second semester, I didnt automatically fit in with the kids at my new school. The fact that I was now three towns from where I grew up and what my originator friends and I did for fun was now considered lame led me to have less chances of acquiring new friends.After a week or two of eating, playing and sit alone I figured to give it a shot that whatever they are doing, and even though it might be different than what I do, it may be fun. The next Monday during the morning recess I walked up to a group of kids and supplicateed to play with them. A week later I had three new friends and with that I picked up a few new words. This is an example of convergence. The fact that I changed the way I did things while being accepted by others. An example of divergence would be the time I moved from the state of Kansas to the Lone Star State of Texas.Being in a new state was a sess different than being in a new town that is a few miles down the road. Every Texan I came in contact with would ask me the same questions and say all the same things. Have I ever been in a tornado, does it rain a lot in Kansas, does Kansas have a lot of tornadoes, I talk weird, I sound funny, I have an accent. Personally that was the first time someone told me I had an accent or talked funny, and I got them both in the same day. I remember when I asked a guy what his favorite pop was. He looked at me with a confused spunk and asked what it was. Example of illustrators, a Non-verbal behavior that accompanie s and supports verbal message). When I told him some people call it soda he laughed at me and said he thought I was talking about champagne. When I joined the football team the coaches would tell me to do certain things and when I never did they would argue that I was doing everything wrong. Then when they cut me do something good, they asked where I learned it from and my answer was would always be Kansas. Everything I did I made sure that everyone knew that I was from Kansas.Whether it was the way I walked, the way I talked, the things I said, or the things I did. Thinking back, motivations I used when I was in the fourth grade would have come from all those days of sit alone as well as eating alone. The thought of not being able to be around my old friends pushed me to get more friends. As to when I moved to Texas the reason I wanted to stand out from being the same as everyone else was because Kansas was all I knew. Everything I had ever cognize at that point I learned in Kan sas and the sudden change just made me want make a statement that I was not a Texas native.I would say that the wanting to standout from everyone in Texas was unconscious. The reason being because everyone did certain things that I would have never done if I were back home in Kansas and what I did they considered it to be different and something was wrong with it. But as much as they pointed out what I did differently I couldnt help it because hose were things I was used to. It was more of a reflex because I was so used to doing and saying things in a certain way. Trying to change it would be conscious because I would focus more to what I was saying and how I would need to make it different.When I changed schools and finally decided to make new friends was conscious communication techniques. Because I had to think about it before it happened. I also changed the way I behaved and I would say things in different ways than how I would usually say them. Instead of all of this automatica lly happening I had to think about things that I said and remember what was what so I would be accepted within the group. These two innocent situations that I experienced had unaware consequences on the involved relationships. The first one being that I changed the way I did things and I got new friends.The second being I was able to be myself and I was considered different. And even though I was not the same as everyone else, I still managed to have friends that accepted me for who I was. Convergence and divergence both impacts and have an effect on our lives and the truth they always will. While we will use convergence to help us get closer to people and divergence to keep us distant from the ones we dont want to be around. They two terms will continually be used throughout our lives determining the types of relationships we have. Whether its intentional or not, we will always use one concept or the other.

Digital Fortress Chapter 15

Susan Fletcher sat at her reckoner terminal inside thickener 3. Node 3 was the cryptographers private, soundproofed bedchamber just off the main floor. A two-inch sheet of curved one-way glass gave the cryptographers a panorama of the Crypto floor while prohibiting anyone else from seeing inside.At the top of the expansive Node 3 chamber, twelve terminals sat in a perfect circle. The annular arrangement was intended to encourage intellectual exchange in the midst of cryptographers, to remind them they were part of a larger team-something like a code-breakers Knights of the Round Table. Ironic eithery, secrets were frowned on inside Node 3.Nicknamed the Playpen, Node 3 had none of the sterile note of the rest of Crypto. It was designed to feel like home-plush carpets, high-tech sound system, fully stocked fridge, kitchenette, a Nerf basketball hoop. The NSA had a philosophy about Crypto Dont drop a couple billion bucks into a code-breaking computer without enticing the best of t he best to stick around and use it.Susan slipped out of her Salvatore Ferragamo flats and dug her stockinged toes into the thick mob carpet. Well-paid government employees were encouraged to refrain from lavish displays of personal wealth. It was usually no problem for Susan-she was perfectly happy with her modest duplex, Volvo sedan, and conservative wardrobe. But shoes were another(prenominal) matter. Even when Susan was in college, shed budgeted for the best.You cant jump for the stars if your feet hurt, her aunt had once told her. And when you get where youre going, you darn well better look greatSusan allowed herself a luxurious stretch and consequently settled down to business. She pulled up her tracer and prepared to configure it. She glanced at the E-mail address Strathmore had given her.email protectedThe man calling himself North Dakota had an anonymous account, scarce Susan knew it would not remain anonymous for long. The tracer would pass through ARA, get forwarded t o North Dakota, and then send information back containing the mans real Internet address.If all went well, it would locate North Dakota soon, and Strathmore could confiscate the pass-key. That would leave only David. When he found Tankados copy, both pass-keys could be destroyed Tankados little condemnation bomb would be harmless, a deadly explosive without a detonator. Susan double-checked the address on the sheet in front of her and entered the information in the correct data field. She chuckled that Strathmore had encountered difficulty sending the tracer himself. Apparently hed sent it twice, both times receiving Tankados address back rather than North Dakotas. It was a simple mistake, Susan thought Strathmore had probably interchanged the data fields, and the tracer had searched for the price account.Susan finished configuring her tracer and queued it for release. Then she hit return. The computer beeped once.TRACER SENT.Now came the waiting game.Susan exhaled. She felt guilt y for having been hard on the commander. If there was anyone qualified to parcel out this threat single-handed, it was Trevor Strathmore. He had an uncanny way of getting the best of all those who challenged him.Six months ago, when the EFF broke a story that an NSA submarine was snooping underwater reverberate cables, Strathmore calmly leaked a conflicting story that the submarine was actually illegally burying toxic waste. The EFF and the oceanic environmentalists spent so much time bickering over which version was true, the media eventually tired of the story and moved on.Every move Strathmore made was meticulously planned. He depended heavily on his computer when devising and revising his plans. Like many NSA employees, Strathmore used NSA-developed software called think-a risk-free way to carry out what-if scenarios in the safety of a computer.BrainStorm was an false intelligence experiment described by its developers as a Cause Effect Simulator. It originally had been inte nded for use in policy-making campaigns as a way to create real-time models of a given political environment. Fed by enormous amounts of data, the program created a relationary web-a hypothesized model of interaction between political variables, including current prominent figures, their staffs, their personal ties to each other, hot issues, individuals motivations weighted by variables like sex, ethnicity, money, and power. The user could then enter any hypothetical event and BrainStorm would predict the events effect on the environment.Commander Strathmore worked religiously with BrainStorm-not for political purposes, but as a TFM device Time-Line, Flowchart, Mapping software was a powerful hammer for outlining complex strategies and predicting weaknesses. Susan suspected there were schemes hidden in Strathmores computer that someday would change the world.Yes, Susan thought, I was too hard on him.Her thoughts were jarred by the hiss of the Node 3 doors.Strathmore burst in. Susa n, he said. David just called. Theres been a setback.

Importance of Prayer

Importance of communeer What is Prayer Prayer is the utterance from your spirit to divinity. In easy terms, talking to God is called prayer. Its the simple opening of ones heart to our Father in Heaven. Its coming to Him and telling Him everything in your heart. Then, why do we find praying so intricate? Those of us who say, I dont pray because I dont know how to pray, passnt understood that prayer is just being yourself and talking to God with honesty and sincerity. When I was growing up, I found prayer very boring. Its because it just seemed like an endless stream of meaningless words to me.However, when I truly understood what prayer meant (that its speaking to God with complete honesty, without any kind of masks or worrying about how and what you talk), my whole perspective about prayer changed. Prayer today is not a burdensome task that I have to complete everyday, but a joyful time I spend with my Lord. Its such a privilege to be satisfactory to talk to the King of Kings to share my innermost thoughts, my deepest desires However, this privilege came at a price. Jesus Christ died on the cross for me, for my sins, just so that I could fancy the throne of Gods grace with confidence. So is it for youWhat is the Importance of Prayer Drawing Nearer to God If you do not pray, if you do not talk to God, you cannister neer learn more about who He is. To understand the Father heart of God, we need to pray. To lead a life of intimacy with God, we need to pray. In conjuration 1515, Jesus says He no longer calls us his servants, but calls us His friends. Moreover, in 1 Corinthians 39, God calls us His fellow workers. But, how can we be His fellow workers if we refuse to talk to Him? Tool to Bind Powers of Darkness Prayer is powerful and you need to remember, the words uttered in prayer have wonder-working power.Do not underestimate the power of prayer. The Devil is constantly trying to discourage us, demoralize us and weaken our faith in God. When tempted t o fall into sin, pray. Prayer gives us the power to overcome. Pray gives us the strength and the faith to finish the race marked before us in this life. Prayer Changes You Why are parents so worried about the company their children are in? Its because they know the company you are in, can influence you. The influence may be positive or negative, but there sure is an influence.The more time you spend with God, the more your face will shine with the radiance of God. The more your nature will gibe the loving nature of God. Our habits and lifestyles change. We no longer live selfish lives, but love others with a pure and sincere heart. Prayer changes us from the inside, which soon gets reflected on the outside. Prayer Protects It is important to pray for Gods protection on your family everyday. Pray for your parents, spouse, children every single day. Parents have the responsibility to make their kids understand the importance of prayer.Children are extremely vulnerable and the choice s they make during their growing up years will shape their future. Pray for Gods protection upon their young lives. Prayer Heals Jesus healed the sick era He was on Earth. He also gave authority to His disciples to heal. Jesus Christ has also given each one of us who believes in Him, the authority to heal. Pray for emotional, spiritual and physical healing for yourself and for those around you. Walk towards Him and you will be healed. Prayer Brings Developments Theres no point in getting frustrated. One must truehearted and pray.There is power in abstain and praying. Fasting and prayer is powerful. Fast and pray on a regular basis (weekly or more frequently if possible). need a time when you have the house to yourself, so you will be free to sing and pray aloud. Start by singing a some choruses, then begin reading the Bible. After that pour your heart out to God and share your burdens openly. Then read some more from the Bible. Dont stop fasting and praying even if you feel the breakthrough is taking too long. Continue fasting and praying. You will receive the answers to your prayers.

Private Public partnership

Over the pass few decades, our administration focuses on developing our economy where they can address the problem of penury and of modernization on the Philippines. As our commonwealth is still developing and the government resources are limited, new ideas and strategies such as partnerships are needed. This highly evolved development strategy is nowadays termed as Public Private Partnerships (Pops), is a accommodating venture between the overt and reclusive sectors in the provision of honests or function which is traditionally provided by the state (Recite &Affable, 2006). The public and private sectors need common goals and their partnership can take advantage of the illuminate strengths of individually to achieve their objectives. On the Executive Summary of Proceedings about Public-Private Partnerships in the Social firmament they elaborated that the private sector exists to make a profit and applies commercialize-based solutions to problems season the public sect or attempts to go out equity and access for citizens and redresses problems of market failure (Asian Development Bank Institute, 1999).On view of this computer program, there bequeath e great opportunities that impart come in the future especially in developing our country economically. The program caters mainly to the needs of the public users and also it creates an environment where there entrust always be self-consistent growth. Many are still skeptical and in fear of the Private Public Partnerships. Mainly because of there is a conflict of inte liberalization between the public and private sector and also there is a chance of higher transaction cost due to its long term contract. An article entitled, For Mutual Benefit-the Advantages and Challenges of Public-PrivatePartnerships cited, the state, that ofttimes provides the fixed assets and even the financing for APP is interested in improving the delivery of public goods and run musical composition on the other hand, p rivate firms are concerned with enhancing profitability and the welfare of their stockholders (FIT Consulting, Inc. , 2012). On this sample risk, it shows that both sectors have different objectives which create a negative impact on the status of nations social and economic health. In this partnership, the government and the public sector must work together to establish quality standards that will help OTOH of them in the long run.Real partnerships will require sum planning and discussions and better specifications of the potential roles for each other is needed (Asian Development Bank Institute, 1999). Therefore accountability, monitoring and transparency by both the public and private sector is really significant. On the conference in Tokyo, Dry. Patricia Craig (Asian Development Bank Institute, 1999) highlighted the urgency of work out some of the problems of the social sector today because of the intensifying pressures of population ageing and globalization on this sector.With the forever increasing population, greater expectations and demands from the society, our government is facing an increasing pressure to deliver new and improved services with only limited resources available. Thus, the private sectors who are much more knowledgeable in terms of market rules and the ability to deliver projects on time can greatly aid the government in providing the services to the public in a way that benefits the hoi polloi and delivers economic development.Our country today experiences a so called infrastructure deficit, evidenced by congested odds, deteriorated schools, wishing of facilities in the hospitals, poorly maintained transit and peeing treatment systems, and other infrastructure assets which are either non-existent or in urgent need of even out (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2008). Because of the increasing shortage of government funds as evidenced by lack of facilities and manpower, our country critically requires a more serious look at the APP option.With the help of the partnership program, the problems that our country is facing will be addressed properly since there will be proper diffusion of susceptibilities between the private and public sectors. And as a developing country trying to approximate good governance, the Philippines has already properly characterized the private sector is its close to potent partner in meeting say formidable infrastructure challenges, through Pops (Recite & Affable, 2006).Public Private Partnership will surely addressed the challenges of reducing poverty and establishing a more rapid developing system. The program will surely be a accredited strategy that can efficiently deliver its services. Sine there will be proper acknowledgment of the needs of our country, there will also be proper implementation of all projects planned by our government with the help of the private sector. This can too produce more Job opportunities for Filipinos since there will be more infras tructure projects so manpower will also be required.Also, the needs of the flock will be properly catered since facilities are being improved and properly maintained. The APP agenda in heterogeneous infrastructure sectors and development projects, is aimed at facilitating trading and investments thereby reinforcing the amounts investment climate and its competitiveness in the Asia and with the rest of the world (Recite & Affable, 2006). The Philippines is regarded as an ideal site for investment because of our rich natural resources, highly educated people and a high standard lifestyle at a low cost.With the help of APP, our country will invite more foreign investors which results to an economic growth. Private-public Partnership is a program that will provide greater opportunities in developing our country economically today and in the future. Because the program caters to the needs of the people, as a result, it creates an environment where there is growth and prosperity. Though many doubt the effectiveness of partnership between the private and public sector, but a change from the traditional welfare state is a moving quality towards productivity.In reality, markets are imperfect and government may not always work in favor of the most disadvantaged but each sector can do certain things well. In order to have a good governance the private sector needs to consider its social responsibility while the public sector needs to create the appropriate legal and ejaculatory structures as well as a democratic and participatory process in decision making (Recite & Affable, 2006). Real partnerships will involve Joint planning by the public and private sectors, where a culture of true cooperation will need to develop.

Mall Assignment Observation Writeup Essay

The chime in was more male-dominant, though there was effeminates present. any employee was wearing a bluing apple employee shirt. It seems as though that is the only dress code requirement. Clear evidence of emotional work, the employees were tot completelyy smiling, cheerful, and very welcoming. I observed an employee acknowledging concerns of his customer, and trying his best to change their mood into a positive iodine. Every employee looks different signs of individuality app bent.The leadIt looks want the employees were having fun. Some were socializing in groups, some where helping customers, and another(prenominal)s were doing their profess thing but it seemed very relax and fun. I observed their check-in system for technical appointments. Customers travel in and head towards the employee with the green iPad. After checking in with that specific employee, they head back to the genius eject and wait for their name to be called. I also observed an employee selling a mac to a customer. Another employee brought out the mac to the customer during this interaction. I saw employee cleaning the products on the tables with clothes and re-cable wires after customer use. The inclose was very clean, well-kept, and bright.thither was no hiring signsThe gillyflower zephyrMusic was playing, different from the unison played in the mall The feel of the store is very communal and social. It felt like a social gathering. The store caters anyone wanting to play with technology, gain technical supportfor apple products, or subvert apple products and apple accessories The products being sold iMacs, macbooks, iPads, iPhones, apple accessories, speakers, headphones, earphones, computer software, printers, etc. Customers demographics vary, all different ages, both male and female, and all different races. This place of business housed all races, ages, and both genders.Customers behaved friendly.Customers and workers interact very friendly and openly.Store H&M fi nd of annotation March 30th, 2015Time of Observation 145 PMThe WorkersObserved about 10 people working, 3 cashiers, and 6 employees go around the store assisting customers. 4 male workers, 6 female workers.Young in age ranging from 18-24, one old worker which I assumed to be the manager. One white female (older worker), and the rest of the workers were of African-American background. at that place was no uniform, just a name tag. All the workers were their own garments and had their own style. virtually of them where not smiling. No signs of emotional work. Signs of individuality based on no uniform requirementThe WorkIt did not look like the workers were having fun, no emotion on the face. When I went to ring out a piece of clothing, all the worker asked for was my form of payment and said have a nice day. in that location was no eye-contact or communication. I did not observe much practice except employees move around fixing messed up clothes and re-arranging articles of cl othing on the wall Workers at the cashier rund amongst themselves. Workers locomote around did ask if anyone needed help. Nature of work was clothing retail.The store was clean and well-kept, bright and brightened.There was no hiring signs40% off discount sign at trip up of storeThe Store AtmosphereH&M StoreThe store is divided into two parts with two entrances. One entrance for the male section with male clothing and accessories and one entrance for the female section with male clothing, accessories, and jewelry. The store feels very welcoming as it is very brightened.Hip-hop music was playing in the backgroundStore caters to customers looking to shop for clothing and custom jewelry Sneakers, formal and informal dress attire, custom jewelry, hats, and mixed articles of clothing are being sold Young (teenagers) customers come into the store both male and female Races vary Hispanic, Caucasian and African AmericanCustomers minded their own business, did not interact with other custo mers. There was little to no interaction with customers and workers unless a customer needed help At the cashier, workers did not communicate with customers except for asking for form of payment, ID, and wishing them to have a nice dayStore Michael KorsDate of Observation March 30th, 2015Time of Observation 230 PMThe WorkThe women did look like they were having fun even though the store was empty and they were just standing around. They were laughing with each otherwhile being attentive to customers Workers helped customers try on watches and sized purchase watches by removing links. It seemed as if the coworkers polished friendships by how sociable they were with each other Nature of work is customer service and retail for clothing retail and fine jewelry and accessories The store was very clean, well organized, elegant and vibrant There was no signs of any hiring signs.The Store AtmosphereMichael Kors storeThe store is very bright and vibrant. Lights shine on the mannequins in th e window display. A lot of glass display of watches. The feel of the store is very sheik and classical. There is a feeling of wealth when walking into the store. Everything looks very pricey and exclusive The store caters to anyone who is interested in watches and female clothing. The store predominately caters to women however there is a section for mens watches that caters to strictly men. A lot of vernal customers came into the store however, there were some old customers too. In regards to race, a lot of customers of Caucasian background came into the store and a few of African American background. Most people who came into the store were women. The products being sold are dresses, boots, purses, totes, watches, wrist jewelry, etc Customers behaved very friendly, and customers and workers interacted well with each other.

Freund

Creating optical aberration Rules A Macroscopic Model Author(s) Ronald J. Troyer and Gerald E. Markle Source The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Spring, 1982), pp. 157-169 Published by Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Midwest Sociological Society Stable URL http//www. jstor. org/ shelter/4106327 Accessed 16/11/2009 0918 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http//www. jstor. org/ rascal/info/about/policies/terms. jsp.JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you pay off obtained prior permission, you may not transfer an entire trend of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please speck the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http//www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=black. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission essential contain the equivalent copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed paginate of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate reinvigorated forms of scholarship. For much information about JSTOR, please contact emailprotected org. Blackwell Publishing and Midwest Sociological Society are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, hold open and extend access to The Sociological Quarterly. http//www. jstor. orgThe SociologicalQuarterly (Spring1982)157-169 23 Deviance Rules Creating A Macroscopic Model* RonaldJ. Troyer,Drake University GeraldE. Markle,Western MichiganUniversity In this paperwe proposea mac percentagevel the nonplusfor analyzing creationof diversion rules. We begin by placingthe phenomenon withinthe contextof the mixer factist and br early(a)ly definitionist the sociological traditions, identifying insightsand difficulties the companionable line of works We rule creation. sugliterature for divergence presents explaining difficulties be resolvedby lacingthe plowwithina faecal matter gest that the abstractive The consequent dialectical ensample of aberration framework. sociologyof fellowship is that society is composedof a numberof designation based on the assumption in of definitions deviance generalinterests varying degreesof conflictwithprevailing final results previous of This balanceor appointment contests. becomes representing vulnerable with the introduction increasein strainwhich is a potentialresource or for interest a The groupsdesiring new-made definition. utcomeof the ensuingconflictis seen as dependent the abilityof the combatants employresources the battle. in on to We concludeby identifying advantages model has for studying deviance the the the rulecreation transit. of Th is is how I call theory it is somethingto guide our understanding the br some otherly world it helps us throughthe labyrinthof the buzzingconfusion of conflictingideologies, and, most of all, theory liberatesus from dead facts and spent myths. Davis 1980xv) But since those sociologistswho espouse a strong and explicit determinism,and those who practice the techniquesof verstehen, empathy,and takingthe actors situation of view, differ upon so very more issues, technical and otherwise, the present suggestions are more likely to be treated as a taint of the boundary mingled with schools of thought than as a path flair to agreement. (Barnes, 197483-84) For decades the sociology of deviance decocted on rule violation. This approach produced whole shebang on rule violators, described which rules were violated and how they were violated, and, arguably, why they were violated.Largely neglected in this work was the act upon by which rules were ca-cad that is, the process by which de viant categories and designations were constructed. Recently scholars consent begun to focus attention on this issue, resulting in conglomerate empirical case studies or rationales for the import of the collective definition process (Nuehring and Markle, 1974 Conrad, 1975 Pfohl, 1977 Spector and Kitsuse, 1977 Levine, 1978 Schneider, 1978 Markle and Troyer, 1979 Conrad and Schneider, 1980. As with legion(predicate) deviance studies, these efforts shake off not produced an explicit framework relating rule creation to the broader theoretical conceptions of companionable processes and the morphological order. As a remedy, ? 1982 by The Sociological Quarterly. All rights reserved. 0038-0253/82/1300-0157$00. 75 *The authors thank Roland Chilton, Ronald Kramer, Frances McCrea, Joseph W. Schneider, Malcolm Spector, and Mayer Zald for their helpful comments. Ronald J. Troyers woo is Department of Sociology, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa 50311. 158 THE SOCIOLOGICALQUARTERLYCollins has called for a radicaldeparture deviancestudies,statfrom traditional ing that thenext step clearlymustbe to abolishthe field of devianceentirely,to and link its materialswith what is kn give birthof generalexplanations stratification of politics (197517). And Davis (19805) has observedthat the time has come for the sociology of deviance to move into mainstreamtheorybased sociology. What theoreticalform ought these investigations take? The developments in sociologicaltheoryin the aside few decades open been focusedaroundtwo dominant allele perspectives.The nature of these approaches good deal best be graspedby referringto Ritzers (1975) distinctionbetween the affectionate factist and companionable definitionist paradigms. The social factist is primarilyconcernedwith the cause of social phenomena thus the questionasked is a why question. By contrast,since the social definitionist more concernedwith process,the researchquestionis a is how question. In studyingdeviance,for examp le,the social factistshave focused on behaviordescribing expiration and natureaskingWhydo thesepeople do it? its focusedon the process On the other turn over, the social definitionists have primarily Howhavethesepersons as asking by whichpeoplecometo be defined deviant the label? acquired deviant have and We call up the theoretical of that efforts thefactists thedefinitionists been useful. Such work, though clearly the creationand social constructionof of scholars,is necessaryif the study of rule creationis to lead to generalizations wider applicability. Towardthat end, we reviewsome relevantliterature, develop creation a sociologyof cognitionframework, then presenta macrodeviance and model which attemptsto bridge the orifice between the factist and definitionist erspectives. Literature between PerhapsArmandMauss has best capturedthe essence of the difference the two majortraditionalapproachesto social problemstheory. The essence of the scholarlydisagreement, noted, came conque r to one grouparguingthat sohe cial problems are objectiverealities which generate collective behavior and governmental actionversus the view that socialproblemsare essentiallygenerated by collectivebehaviorand politicalprocesses(1977602, emphasisin original).The reason closely approximatesthe social factist approach,while the latter the represents social definitionist position. kind factist scholarshave tended to explain social problemsas the product of some environmentally condition. This tradition, disharmonious usuallytermed the strain explanation,has a great deal focused on economic conditions (Oberschall, between differentgoals, different determine, 1973) but also includes discrepancies values and norms, associationand actions, technologyand values, and so forth (Smelser, 1962 chap. 3).Smelser,for example,indicatesthat norm-oriented movements(definedas attemptsto restore,protect,modify,or createnormsin the name of a generalizedbelief, 1962270) often springfrom the followi ng kindsof strain Sometimes the appearanceof new knowledge initiates a movement to apply this knowledge in order to eradicate a condition previously taken for granted. (1962 287) CreatingDeviance Rules 159 lowlife betweennormative and standards actualsocialconditions proAny disharmony videthe basisfor a movement whoseobjective is to modifynorms. 1962289) it Davis (1975) used a strainmodel to explain changesin the collectivedefinition of deviance. dappleseeingdeviancedefinitions productsof powerstruggles as between groups with new rules representing values of those groups able to the win state endorsement their values, Davis suggeststhat the diffusionof new of knowledgeis a majorcause of collective searchesfor new normsin the modern world(197553). Although strain has been a populartheoreticalapproachfor studyingsome social problems(e. g. race riots), few empiricalstudiesof deviancedesignation have followed from this tradition. PerhapsChamblisscame close in the study of the creatio n of new rules against vagrancy. In his words, The vagrancy statutes emerged as a result of changes in other separate of the social structure (196469). Specifically,the strain was the breakdownof the serf system vagrancy justices were the responseof the rulingclass to protect their interestsand bring the system back to harmony. Zurcheret al. (1977) have also pointed to the crucial role of strainin the emergenceof antipornography crusades.In the communities amongstatus studied,they found that as a resultof inconsistencies variables,the traditionalmiddle class was experiencingthreatsto its life-style. were attemptsto the Consequently, effortsto gain new rulesagainstpornography bolster the legitimacyof their life-style. In other words, in the strain tradition of new definitionsof devianceare seen as responsesto the introduction various kindsof socialchangein society. Insteadof focusingon the causes of social problems,such as strain(objective traditionstressthat collective acconditions ), scholarsin the social definitionist tions emergefrominteraction, processes.As Blumerstated especiallyinterpretive social problemslie in and are productsof a process of collective definition (1971301). Spector and Kitsuse (1977) pursuedthis theme with their argument that scholarsmust focus on the claims-making the process to understand emergenceof a social problemor definitionof deviance. This processtraditionhas spawneda varietyof empiricalstudies,often focusdefinitionsof deviance. The ing on the creationof criminaland health- link up best known of these studies is Beckers (1963) analysisof the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937.Arguingthat there was no majorincreasein the actualuse of the drug, which would be the focus of a strain explanation,Becker attributesthe new rule to the activitiesof a moralentrepreneur. (For other descriptions, see Dickson, 1968 Galliherand Walker, 1977, 1978. ) Other studies have argued that puerile person courts were not created as a responseto increasesi n delinquency,as the strainmodel would predict,but ratheras part of a moralcrusade of (Platt, 1969) or as the productof organizational conflictbetweensupporters the police and probationdepartments (Hagan and Leon, 1977).In two studies of sex offensedefinitions,Rose (1977) and Roby (1969) also emphasizeprocessualexplanations. Roby examinedchanges in the impertinent York State penal constabulary on harlotry and found that the relative power of numerous interest groups and individuals determined the final version of the act. Similarly, Rose related the rise of the rape problem to the ideology and organizations generated by the womens liberation movement. 160 THE SOCIOLOGICALQUARTERLY of The status politics interpretation the temperancemovementby Gusfield in (1963, 1967) representsanother(prenominal)one of the majorprocessualapproaches the literature.Basically,Gusfieldsuggeststhat the attemptsto have a behaviordesignated as deviantare often symbolicbattlesbetween unlikesystemsof mora lities, culturesand stylesof life (1963173). In otherwords,it is not the behavior per se or social conditionswhich cause the attemptto label the behavioras deviant. Instead the designationof deviance must be seen as a productof status of for conflict,the competition the authorized portionment honorand prestigethrough of legitimation groupnorms. The creationof new health-related of designations deviancehas been reviewed Conrad and Schneider(1980).These authorshave set forth a sequential by of model and grounded on generalizations the medicalization deviance. Following Spectorand Kitsuse,they emphasizethe import,and not the accuracy,of medicalclaims-making, view claims as strategicdevices, and view medicalization which reflectpolitics and demedicalization devianceas cyclicalphenomena of of the day. In the most new processualanalysis,Schursuggeststhat deviancemust be seen as a politicalphenomenon. Arguingthat there are at least two sides in any stigmacontest, Schursuggeststhat what i s actually at stake in deviancedefinitions is the power of the respectivegroups.Since power,of any sort, is more like a processthan an object (19808), deviancedefiningis not a static event but a continuousand changingprocess(198066). In summary,the literaturereviewed above suggests two models for understandingthe collectivedefinitionof deviance. The process approacharguesthat collectivedefinitionsare the productof interestgroupdynamics. By contrastthe are is for, strainexplanation that societaldisjunctions responsible or at least play a majorrole in, the emergence new definitions. of BeyondDichotomousModels During the past decade, a numberof scholarshave attemptedto move beyond the raditionalstrainor processmodels. For example,Mauss (1975 Maussand of Wolfe, 1977) arguesthat new social problemsor new definitions devianceare best understoodas productsof social movementsled by interestgroups. In this view, social arrangements permit collective behaviorwhich usually focuses on structur al strainsbroughtaboutby social change. thoughmanystrainsare present in society, problem definitionis the product of interest groups organizing social movementswhich push for acceptanceof their definitionof reality.Resource mobilizationtheory is another attemptto move beyond the strain and process models. This framework begins with the assumptionthat society is composedof competinggroups (economic, status, racial,etc. ). Strainis always present,since thereis conflictamonggroupsover whichvalues,norms,economic and arrangements, so forth are to prevailin the society. Group conflictand the of social movementsare analyzedin terms of the abilityof the colemergence lectivities to create and mobilize resources (Oberschall, 1973).A dynamic element is introduced into the analysis authorities as well as challengers have resources deployment by one side requires some kind of response (mobilization of additional resources) from the other side, lest the cause be defaulted. CreatingDeviance Rules 161 Marxistapproaches have also triedto move beyondstrainand processmodels. of Initially Marxist/conflict interpretations new rules defining deviance suggested that they were firstand foremosta reflectionof the interestsof the governingclass (Chambliss,197437).In this view thestate and legal systemare seen as instruments which can be manipulated,almost at will, by the capitalist class (Beirne, 1979379), an approachillustratedby Platts (1974) reinterpretation of the establishmentof the juvenile court as a conscious effort by SomeMarxcapitaliststo preserveexistingpoliticaland economicarrangements. ists have assigneda more ambiguous role to the state (Block, 1978), suggesting that it exercises a relativeautonomyin its relationship the capitalistclass to the enactmentof legislationis not alwaysin (Beirne, 1979379).Consequently, the objectiveinterestsof the capitalistclass, but each case must be examined from and empirically on its own merits(Beirne, 1979380). Whatis grave, this positi on,is that all of this occurswithinthe boundaries providedby the prevailing structuralrelations. Lauderdaleand Inveraritycriticizedthe early conflict approachesfor inadequately examiningthe politicalprocessunderlyingthe creationof deviance. Arguingthat devianceis socially definedand as such is and changedthroughpoliticalprocesses(1980a36), they created,maintained, ask underwhat conditionsa form of actioncomes to be definedas deviant(Lauderdale, 1980v).Noting previousstudiesare characterized a preoccupation by with subjectiveinterestsand lack of attentionto measuringobjectiveinterests (1980b229), they call for attentionto objectiveconditionsunderlyingthe deviance definitionprocess. These efforts are advancesover analyses which attributenew definitionsof devianceto social psychological processesor to the activitiesof individuals(moral entrepreneurs). Here, at least, an effortis made to locate the deviancewithin the larger social context. However, several issues remainunresolved.First, although recent effortshave attemptedto find a role for objectiveconditions,the remainsunclear. At role of strainin the generation new deviancedesignations of one group of scholars,the social definitionists, suggestobjectivecondipresent tions are largely irrelevant,while others (especially Lauderdaleand Inverarity, to 1980b) are callingfor moreattention objectivefactors. A second majorunresolvedproblemis that none of the collectivedefinitionof deviance approachesexplains why specific behaviorsare selected for deviance silent on this issue.Finally, In categorization. fact, the literatureis remarkably the approachesdiscussedabove do not yet explainwhy some deviancecreation effortsare unsuccessful. is in this contextthat we believe that resourcemobiliIt zation theory could prove valuable in the study of rule creationand deviance designation. Not only does it point toward relevantvariablesfor study, it also to providesan empiricalframework assess previousmovementsand predictthe success or failureof ongoingmovements. Any model or theory of deviance creation must addressthese issues.More into a more genspecifically,a way must be found to subsumethese differences eral model rendering theoreticalissues amenableto empiricalevaluation. Toward a Sociology of Knowledge Given its theoretical import, it seems to us that there have been inexplicably few 162 THE SOCIOLOGICALQUARTERLY studiesof rule creation. Marxists,subsuming issue withinthe superstructure, the have focusedon the creationof laws whichmaintainruling-class privilege. Strain scholarstreat new rules as responsesto changedsocial conditions(new knowledge, Davis, 1975).Only process scholars have directly addressedthe issue, viewing collective definitionsof devianceas emerging productsof an interpretive process (Hawkins and Tiedman, 1975340), but studies in this tradition have not produceda rigoroustheoreticalexplanation. Instead, isolated studies have been characterized descriptiveand individual detail withoutconn ecby or tion to socialstructure generalsocialprocesses. In theirstudyof the medicalization deviance,Conradand Schneider(1980) of a solutionto the interactionist the pose impasse. Although labeling-interactionist of perspectivepresentsus with the questionsto ask concerningthe development deviancedesignations, they note (198020), it is a sociologyof knowledgeapproachthat is necessaryto answerthem. We thinkof the sociologyof knowledge knowlas a study of the materialbasis of social ideas, categories,designations, and so forth. From this frameworkthe dependentvariablechanges no edge, longer do we studythe deviantactorratherwe attemptto locate diachroniclythe origins and the social forces which supportedand opposed the definitionof the deviant category.As Friedsonhas stated, the analysisshouldnot focus on the etiology of some state so much as the etiology of the meaningof a state. Thus it asks questionslike How does a state come to be considereddeviant? How does it come to be considered kindof devianceratherthan another? one (1970 215-16). deviant To developtheirknowledgeapproach, Conradand Schneider interpret behaviorsas social constructionsof reality. Adopting Berger and Luckmanns as (1966) scheme,they view realityconstruction a social processof threestages The processbegins with the and internalization. xternalization, objectification, of construction a culturalproductor definition a personor collectionof perby becomespartof the generallyacceptedbody sons, continuesas the new definition of knowledge,and concludesas the individualsin publictake the new definition for grantedas partof theirworldview. We applaudConradand Schneiders explicit sociologyof knowledgeand find their social constructionist approachinsightful. Their analysisof the historical contribution a dimensionsof the medicalization deviancerepresents significant of in by placingdeviancedesignations the broadersocial context.At the sametime, we are uncomfortable with the apparentabsenceof a theoretica lmodel pointing to a more explicit method of data analysis. History is all aroundus we need the guidanceto separate datafromthe noise. between In his Ideology and Utopia (1936), Karl Mannheimdistinguishes two types of sociologyof knowledgeon the one hand a theoryand on the other hand an historical-sociological methodof research(p. 266). As a theorywith the sociology of knowledgehas been pursuedvigepistemologicalimplications, orously.Its methodologicalimplicationshave, however, remainedunderdevelhimselflargelyignoredthe methodological aspectsof knowledge oped. Mannheim theory, though he did write that the most important task of the sociology of knowledge at present is to demonstrate its capacity in actual research in the historical-sociological realm (p. 306). The methodological implications of Mannheims work have been pursued most CreatingDeviance Rules 163 rigorouslyby David Bloor in his 1976 book Knowledgeand kind Imagery. Bloor contendsthat our concernshouldbe phenomenological method,howour scientific. Thesociologistis concernedwith knowlever, ought to be rigorously edge, he writes, purelyas a naturalphenomenon instead of definingit as true or false belief, knowledgefor the sociologist is whatevermen take to be knowledge(p. 2). Given that knowledgeis relativeand historicallyunstable, Bloors task is to elucidatethe materialbasis of its variation. To accomplishthis in task, he proposesa methodwhich he calls the strong program the sociology of knowledge,to wit, that our analysisought to be causal, impartial,and cruciform.While sociologists would not want to argue that social factors are the sole cause of belief, they should focus on how social conditionsproduceand reflect belief. In demandingan approachwhich is impartial with respectto truthand success or failure(p. 5), Bloor is not advofalsity, rationalityor irrationality, catinga value neutralposition. The task is not to crownwinnersor punishlosers but to understandboth sides. In that sense, Bloors sociol ogy is agnostic. Ultito even irrelevant, mate truth,in any sense of the phrase,is seen as peripheral, the analysis.Finally the strong programdemandsa symmetrical analysis. Too often scholarshave attempted analyzedeviantand normalbeliefs from differto ent stances, the former needing special explanation,while the latterseen as logical, rational,or truthful-are seen to need no specialexplanation. We are interestedin using the sociology of knowledgeas a methodological to guide, as a way of using historicalmaterials build rigorousmodels. In a sense, then, we use Mannheimand Bloor to build a theoreticalmethod for empirical methods,especiallyas it appliesto socialhistory, study.The notion of theoretical has been developedby Stinchcombe(1978 see also Graff, 1980). Good social theory, he asserts,must be groundedin historicaldata. Peopledo much better the theory,he argues,wheninterpreting historicalsequencethanthey do when they set out to do theory (p. 17) and thatthe centraloperationfor str ucture theories of history is seeking causally significantanalogiesbetween instances of Thuswe aremost interested the methodological in implications the sociology of knowledgeas a way of pointingtowardvariables,as a way of using history, as a way-in short-of structuring analysis.Suchan analyticstrategy,as a macroand rigorousversionof groundedtheory,ought to allow us to relateprescopic vious theoriesof devianceand our data in an iterativesort of way and, thus, to build and evaluatea model of how deviantcategoriesare designated. A DialecticalModelof DevianceDesignation In attemptingto addressthe theoreticaland methodologicalissues raised, we propose a dialecticalmodel of deviance designation. The model, presentedin to however,it attempts transcend portend1, is influenced resourcemobilization by arany single theory.We begin with the assumptionthat within the structural is composedof a numberof generalinterestsin varying rangements, everysociety degreesof conflict. Such groupsmay be of varyingnaturewith inclusiveor exin clusive membership, broad or narrowfocus. Their concernwith the definition (p. 7). Figure 1. A DialecticalModel of DevianceDefiniti General vested & other interests Definition i +- Strain General vested & other interests S/ Specific interests CreatingDeviance Rules 165 question,however,is either peripheral,quiescent,or not effectivein the public arena.The initial or prevailingdefinitionof a behavioras acceptableor unsufferable representsthe outcome of previousspecific interestgroup conflictin other words, the balanceof the resourcesthe two sides were able to mobilize. or This balance or accommodation becomes vulnerablewith the introduction increase of strain. This developmentprovides existing general interest groups with a new resourceand opportunity claims-making. for Specificinterestgroups towardthe specific (includingthe state) form,or mobilize,or becomeredirected issue in question.Faced with a challenge to their interests,groups benefiting f rom the prevailingdefinitionrespondby marshaling their own resources. The battle of these groups to maintainor change a rule is joined, the outcome dependingon the balance of the mobilizedresources. To speak of the balanceof mobilized resourcesshould not be seen as merely suggestinga simplisticaccountingbalance. Of coursethe matteris muchmore complex. For example,the efficientemployment resourcesusingresourcesin an arenawherethey have of maximal impact-may be skillful as importantas quantity.The net result is that over a periodof time, at time2,the originaldefinitionsurvivesor a new designation takesits place. for In explicatingthe model, we make the following arguments its utility in collectivedefinition deviance of examining issues raisedin the 1. The model addressesor handlesmanyof the theoretical literature. For example, existing sociological explanations assign central importance to, or ignore, the role of strain. The dialectical model directs the scholarsattentionto the role of strainbut does not preclude,in fact demands, examinationof other social processes.In addition,by viewing the state as an interestedparty, albeit a group with unique resources,it is possibleto examine official actions without assumingthe existence of an all powerfulmonolithical the definitional outcomes. Furthermore, modelpermitsanalysis entitydetermining and explanationof outcomeswhereneitherside achievestotal victory. in 2. The dialecticalmodel is consistentwith the strong program the sociology of knowledge. As Bloor (1976) has requested,this modelis causal,impartial, and symmetrical. Figure 1 is time tenaciousthat is, variablesappearin causal sequence with one another.Moreoverthese sequences are made explicit, thus data analysis. The model thus allowsfor attemptsat statisticalmodelfacilitating of processvariablesby techniquesdevelopedfrom social factisttraditions. ing The model treats deviance rule creationsas naturalphenomena. Whethera rule is good or bad is irrelevant our an alysis. RecallingGusfieldsstudyof the to temperancemovement,the validityof analysiswas independentof truthclaims about alcohol. Whetherthe drug is actuallyan aphrodisiac,a depressant,or a tool of the devil was essentiallyirrelevantto his conclusions.Taking such an it agnosticpositionhas methodological implications allowsfor the formalmodelvariables. Moreover,Bloorslast dictum-that analysis ing of phenomenological be symmetricalhasobvious implicationsfor the dialecticalmodel. strike out that interestsfor or againstany definitionare handledin the same way, and have the same causal input into the model. 166 THE SOCIOLOGICALQUARTERLY 3. The model is dialectical. The theoryis timelessand has no end stage. Figure 1 shows only one referenceframe. But upon acceptanceof Definition2, general vested or other interestsare alreadyin place, advocatingfor or againsta new definition.Though the theory is sequential,in the sense that it goes forwardin remainuntime, the units of time are not specifie d. Some deviancedesignations for long periods of time, others move more rapidlythroughstages of changed and vindication. Conradand Schneider,thinkingalong the same stigmatization of and demedicalization deviance the lines, have conceptualized medicalization as cyclical(1980271). We preferto use the termdialectical,in that it leaves ratherthan suggestinga rethe directionof the next redefinition problematic as turnto an originalpoint. nor4. Deviance and normalcyare not distinctcategories.We conceptualize coordinatesystem. As a prescribed as a point in a multidimensional guide malcy for conduct, a rule designatesthe limits of space aroundthe point in which a behavioris seen as deviant. behavioris viewed as normal. Outsidethis boundary, Now we can justify using the terms rulecreationand deviancedesignation more or less synonymously. The formerrefersto the boundaryitself, whichmay be mystifying or fuzzy the latter refers to the space outside the boundary. Any behavioralboundary,in our v iew, is subject to cultural,temporal,or situational between factorswhich continuously defineit, or redefineit.Thus is the boundary deviancy and normalcycontinuouslydrawnand redrawn,and a behavioralresituation,but ratherby definitionoccursnot by quantumleaps, as an either-or or pulled througha system of space. In the dialecticalmodel the being pushed as pushesor pulls aremanifested strainor process. and analyticintentions 5. The model is macroscopic. Our conceptualization the collectivelevel. We do not directlyconsider,for example,the are clearly at motivationsof an individualactor or leader. For two reasonswe down-playthe importof, or perhapseven ignore,such questionsas Did leaderX makedecision or Y sincerelyor cynically?Is he or she a moralentrepreneur a typical (but not concernedsuburbanite? First,we doubt,in social factistlanguage, authoritarian) that such variablesexplainvery much variancein deviancedesignation. The individual,qua individual,role in collective, historicprocesses is always limited. To Our second reasonis methodological the extentthat psychologicalvariables are important,how are they to be measuredor assessed? For historicalstudies, motivationseems particularly Secondarysources,as well as various problematic. kinds of documents,seem suspecthere.Even in contemporary settings,peoples of their own or othersmotivationsare not trustworthy, especiallygiven reports or the vested or strategicinterestswhich can be served by lying, exaggerating, selectivelyforgetting. Rather,we focus on such variablesas strainand resources over time. and which can be operationalized measuredcomparably 6. The dialecticalmodel uses history. The model invites, perhapseven demands, a given rule to be placed in historical context. Moreover the data needed to test the model are historical, preferably in time series, data.The model is shaped by these data and is thus grounded and inductive as Conrad and Schnei- CreatingDeviance Rules 167 der (1980265) have suggested. In that sense the dialecticalmodel is meant to evaluate,as much as formallytest, historicalsequencesof data. 7. The model is conflictoriented,though not necessarilyMarxist. Many deviance designations,particularlythose formalizedas laws, are amenableto a Marxist analysis consistentwith the model. Large sums of money or other resources are often used by ruling elites for maintenanceof deviance definitions do or, less often, change.However,some deviancedefinitions not seem to fit the Marxistmodel (see Markle and Troyer, 1979, or Hagan and Leon, 1977, for two such case studies). In the dialecticalmodel, vested or other interests(religious, ethnic, sex, status,etc. ) can militatefor, and indeedbe successfulat, creat(uneming new definitionsof deviance. Similarlystrainmightbe substructural strain ployment,new technology,etc. ), but the model allows for superstructural (e. g. , new knowledge). Using the DialecticalModel As an inductivetheory,the true test of the dialecticalmodel is its utility. pe rmit us and suggesta few ways, then, how the model mightbe operationalized used. We in begin with the concept of strain,which can be operationalized severalways. In our own researchon cigarettesmoking(Markleand Troyer,1979) and estrolegen replacements(McCrea and Markle, 1980), strainwas the appearance, or dissemination new knowledge strainin our researchon Laetrile of gitimation, (Markle and Petersen, 1980) was, among other factors, an increasedconcern over cancer. As new health-related knowledgeclaims, strain can be measured with variousbibliometric techniques.A simple content analysisof relevantarticles, over a period of years, from Index Medicus can be used to chart such knowledgeclaims. The perceivedlegitimacyof such claims can be assessedby the professionalprestige of the author or journal. Finally, the foundation of such knowledgeclaims into the public arena can be measuredusing the New York Times Index, which Jenkins and Perrow (1977) found highly effective,or by one of seve ralnewspaperdata banks (e. g. , Newsbank)now in existence. After looking at strain,it is easy enoughto identifyspecificinterestsinvolved in redefinition.Such organizations groups will have appearedas recipients, or sponsors,aggrievedparties,etc. , in news accountsor scholarlycitation. The resources of these groups can be measuredin severalways. The Encyclopediaof Associations, updated almost yearly, lists purportedmembershipsand other for simple demographics manysuchgroups. Moreover,most interestgroupshave which are usuallyeasy to obtain, often at literatureor even regularpublications no cost. When interests are corporate,much informationon resourcescan be gleaned from annual reports or, with somewhatmore effort, from regulatory In agenciessuch as the Securitiesand ExchangeCommission. ase studieswhere is an interestedparty, Brobdingnagian amounts of official statistics may be government available (see, e. g. , Markle and Troyer, 1979). Moreover,the researchercan use the Freedomof I nformation Act to obtain a deep windowinto government actions and resourcesin variousdeviancedesignations. Throughpublic records and other availabledata, every concept in the dialecticalmodel can be operationalized. Indeed,to measureresourcesin comparable ways, we have suggested of the development a researchprotocol (Markleand Petersen,1981). 168 THE SOCIOLOGICALQUARTERLY A Final Word iancearecreated changed, beenneglected socialtheory research. and or in has We believethat neglectcomes from theoretical The misdirection. dialectical thesedifficulties. to model,whichis knowledge based,is ourattempt ameliorate Becauseit attempts integrate traditional the theoryinvites to two approaches, both philosophical- empirical-based and criticisms. Thoughwe welcomethe we The in interested thelatter. realtestof thedialectical former, areparticularly modelis whether works. it Andwhether not it workscan onlybe judged or by it holdingit up to the lightof, and adjudicating with,historicaland contempo raryA crucialelementof social change and conflict,why and how definitionsof de- research. REFERENCES Barnes, Barry. 1974. 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